A legal status or qualification that can be the subject of rights and obligations. It is also called legal personality. In modern law, natural persons and legal persons have legal capacity. First, regarding natural persons, historically, not all persons had legal capacity. For example, slaves under the ancient extended family system did not have legal capacity, and serfs in medieval feudal society had only limited legal capacity. However, under modern law, all natural persons have full and equal legal capacity (see Article 1-3 of the Civil Code). It begins at birth and ends at death. Next, a legal person is something other than a natural person (an association, which is a group of people, or a foundation, which is a collection of property) that can be the subject of rights and obligations. During the establishment of modern law, legal persons were only recognized to a minimum extent due to the individualistic ideology, but with the subsequent development of the capitalist economy, various groups have come to be recognized as legal persons. Note that legal capacity must be distinguished from capacity to act, because the latter means the ability to actually perform legal acts oneself. [Takahisa Awaji] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法律上、権利義務の主体となることのできる地位または資格。法的人格ともいう。近代法において権利能力を有するものは、自然人と法人である。まず自然人については、歴史的にはかならずしもすべての者が権利能力を有していたわけではなかった。たとえば、古代の大家族制度の下における奴隷は権利能力を有していなかったし、中世封建社会の農奴は限定された権利能力しか有していなかった。しかし、近代法の下では、すべての自然人が完全かつ平等な権利能力を有する(民法1条ノ3参照)。その始期は出生であり、終期は死亡である。次に、法人とは、自然人以外のもの(人の集団である社団または財産の集合体である財団)であって権利義務の主体となることのできるものである。近代法の成立期においては、個人主義的思想を背景として法人は最小限度にしか認められていなかったが、その後の資本主義経済の発達とともに、各種の団体が法人として認められるようになっている。なお、権利能力は行為能力と区別されなければならない。というのは、後者は、法律行為を自ら現実になしうる能力を意味するからである。 [淡路剛久] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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