Polar Regions

Japanese: 極地 - きょくち
Polar Regions

The area between 66°33' north and south latitudes and the poles. The climate is cold, with a tundra climate near the 66°33' latitude, i.e. the polar circle, and an ice and snow climate near the poles. Most of the area is uninhabited, but in the northern hemisphere's poles, there are mining settlements for coal mining on West Spitsbergen Island in Svalbard and cryolite mining in Greenland, and Eskimo settlements are also scattered. In addition, military bases are located there, particularly in the United States and the Russian Federation. In the southern hemisphere's poles, there are observation bases in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, and Japan, based on the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Among the poles, the world's northernmost city, Hammerfest, is located at 70°40' north latitude on the northern coast of Norway, and the port does not freeze even in winter due to the influence of the warm current (North Atlantic Current) and the westerly winds. Additionally, oil fields have been discovered on the North Slope along the Arctic Ocean coast of northern Alaska, and development is underway.

[Masami Ichikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南北各緯度66度33分から極に至る間の地域をいう。気候的には寒帯で、66度33分の緯線すなわち極圏に近いところはツンドラ気候で、極の周辺では氷雪気候を呈する。ほとんどが無居住地域であるが、北半球の極地では、スバールバル諸島の西スピッツベルゲン島で石炭の採掘、グリーンランドの氷晶石の採掘のための鉱山集落が存在し、エスキモーの集落も点在する。そのほか、とくにアメリカ合衆国やロシア連邦の軍事基地が立地している。南半球の極地では国際地球観測年(IGY)に基づいて、アメリカ、イギリス、ロシア連邦、日本などの観測基地がある。極地のなかでも、ノルウェー北岸の北緯70度40分には、世界最北の都市ハンメルフェストがあり、暖流(北大西洋海流)と偏西風の影響で冬でも港は凍結しない。また、アラスカ北部の北極海沿岸のノース・スロープでは、油田が発見されて、その開発が進められている。

[市川正巳]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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