A photographic plate for observing the tracks of charged particles. When a high-speed charged particle strikes a photographic plate, the silver bromide in the emulsion of the plate is excited by electromagnetic interaction with the charged particle, and the silver grains become developable. Becquerel discovered radioactivity when a photographic plate was exposed to light by a uranium ore placed on it, but ordinary optical photographic plates are not suitable for observing charged particles because they are less sensitive to charged particles than to light. In contrast, nuclear emulsions are made by improving the emulsion to increase its sensitivity to high-speed charged particles and to make the emulsion thicker, making it easier to observe the tracks of charged particles in the emulsion. While ordinary optical emulsions are only about 20 micrometers thick (1 micrometer is 1/10,000 of a centimeter), some nuclear emulsions are as thick as 2,000 micrometers. The emulsion also contains four times as much silver bromide as optical emulsions. Generally, the plate is set so that the charged particles are incident at an angle, the plate is exposed to light as the charged particles pass through it, and the track is observed under a microscope with a magnification of about 300x. The number of blackened silver particles is proportional to the energy loss of the charged particles in the emulsion. This allows the energy of the charged particles to be estimated, and the number of silver particles per unit length of the track allows the speed of the charged particles to be estimated, and this information can also be used to estimate the mass. [Keigo Nishimura] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
荷電粒子の飛跡を観測するための写真乾板。高速の荷電粒子が写真乾板に入射すると、乾板の乳剤中の臭化銀は荷電粒子との電磁的な相互作用によって励起され、銀粒子が現像可能な状態になる。ベックレルは写真乾板がその上に置かれたウラニウム鉱石によって感光したことから放射能を発見したが、普通の光学用写真乾板は、光に対する感度に比べて荷電粒子に対する感度が鈍く、荷電粒子の観測に適しない。これに対して、乳剤を改良して高速の荷電粒子に対する感度を高め、また乳剤を厚くして乳剤中での荷電粒子の飛跡の観測を容易にしたものが原子核乾板である。普通の光学用乾板は乳剤の厚さがたかだか20マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは1万分の1センチメートル)程度であるが、原子核乾板では乳剤の厚さが2000マイクロメートルに及ぶものがある。また乳剤中には、光学用乾板の4倍もの量の臭化銀が含まれている。一般には荷電粒子が乾板に対して斜めに入射するようにセットし、荷電粒子の通過によって感光した乾板を現像して、300倍程度の倍率の顕微鏡で飛跡を観測する。黒化した銀の粒の個数は、荷電粒子の乳剤中でのエネルギー損失に比例する。これによって荷電粒子のエネルギーを推定し、あるいは飛跡の単位長さ当りの銀粒子の個数によって荷電粒子の速度を推定し、これらの情報によって質量を推定することもできる。 [西村奎吾] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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