A duel is a fight that is fought by mutual consent, following rules that have been agreed upon in advance, for the purpose of resolving hatred or discord, or for the purpose of restoring glory or honor. A typical duel is fought one-on-one, either by the individual or a representative, but it can also be one-on-several, or several-on-several. Each culture has its own rules for duels, but most duels are fought in the presence of a witness or a guardian. The prototype of duels is said to be a custom of the Germanic peoples, who resolved personal disputes by fighting, but it was in the Middle Ages in Western Europe that it was legalized as a divine judgment. In other words, it was called a "judicial duel," and duels were considered to be a divine judgment, based on the belief that God would side with the righteous. However, in feudal society, only nobles and freemen were eligible to duel. Such duels reached their heyday in Europe in the 10th to 12th centuries, but were banned at the Lateran Council in 1215. They were also banned by an edict of Louis IX in 1258. However, duels continued to exist, and from the end of the 15th century onwards, "duel for honor" emerged in France and became particularly popular among members of upper class society. The weapon used in a duel was the sword, and after the French Revolution, pistols also appeared, but since the premise was that the fight was on equal terms, the rules, etiquette, and even the attire for a duel were regulated, such as swords having a slender, straight, triangular blade, and for pistols, the type and number of bullets, or the distance between the two parties in steps. Such duels spread from Europe to America, and were often held here as well, especially during the pioneering days. In Japan, duels were fought between samurai from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, but in later years they became popular among gamblers and gangsters. In modern times, duels are prohibited by law. [Noriko Inubaba] The practice and idea of dueling was widespread in premodern non-European societies. In some cases, dueling was institutionalized as a means of retribution for crimes. Among the Australian Aborigines, duels were fought to shed the blood of the wrongdoer. The Guringai practiced fighting with the nearest weapon, and in cases of serious crimes, the assailant, carrying a shield, stood among the many spears hurled by the victim. Among the Kurnai, relatives of those who were allegedly killed by a curse fought with the accused. These duels were usually conducted under certain procedures and regulations and were observed by members of the tribe. The practice of dueling was one of the ways to prevent society from becoming disorderly from unlimited retaliation. [Tamura Katsumi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
憎悪や不和、あるいは栄光や名誉回復のために、相互の同意により、あらかじめ打ち合わせたルールを遵守して行われる闘争のこと。一般の決闘は、本人あるいは代表者による1名対1名でなされるが、1名対数名、あるいは数名対数名の場合もある。また決闘にはそれぞれの文化でのルールがあるが、証人・介添人の立会いをもって行われるものが多い。決闘の原型は、個人間の紛争を格闘によって解決していたゲルマン民族の風習とされているが、それが神の審判として合法化されたのは西ヨーロッパ中世である。すなわち「裁判上の決闘」とよばれるもので、神は正しいほうに味方するという信念のもとに、決闘は神の審判と考えられた。ただし決闘の有資格者は、封建社会なので貴族や自由人に限られていた。こうした決闘は10~12世紀のヨーロッパで全盛時代を迎えたが、1215年ラテラン公会議で禁止された。さらに1258年のルイ9世の勅令によっても禁止された。しかし決闘はそれでも絶えることなく続き、15世紀の終わりごろからフランスで「名誉のための決闘」が生まれ、とくに上流社会の人々の間で盛んに行われた。 決闘での武器は剣、フランス革命以後はピストルも現れたが、両者平等の条件で争うことが前提なので、剣を細身のまっすぐな三角の刃に規定するとか、ピストルならその種類や弾丸の数あるいは距離を互いに歩数でどの程度とるかなど、決闘上のルールや作法、あるいは服装さえも規定された。 こうした決闘はヨーロッパからアメリカにも及び、ここでもとくに開拓時代しばしば行われた。日本では、戦国時代から江戸時代にかけての武士の果たし合いがこの決闘に相当するが、後年は博徒(ばくと)や侠客(きょうかく)の間で流行した。現代では決闘は、法律で禁止されている。 [犬馬場紀子] 決闘の風習や考え方は、ヨーロッパ以外の諸社会においても、近代以前に広くみられた。これらの社会では、犯罪への報復的制裁の手段として、決闘が制度化されている場合もある。オーストラリア先住民の間では、違法行為者の血を流すための闘いが行われた。グリンガイ人では、いちばん近くの武器を手にして闘う風習があり、重罪の場合、盾を持った加害者が、被害者側の投げ付ける多くの槍(やり)のなかに立つ。クルナイ人でも、呪(のろ)い殺されたとされる者の親族の者は、告発された者と殴り合いを行う。これらの決闘は普通一定の手続・規制にのっとり、部族の人々の見守るなかで行われる。決闘の慣習は、社会が無制限の報復から無秩序に陥るのを防ぐ手段の一つとなっていた。 [田村克己] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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