Blood sugar

Japanese: 血糖
Blood sugar

Reference value

Less than 110mg/dℓ (enzymatic method)

What is Blood Sugar?

This refers to the sugar (glucose) contained in the blood. Blood sugar is regulated and kept at a constant level by hormones such as insulin and glucagon secreted by the pancreas, thyroid hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones.

■Criteria for diagnosing diabetes


At the first inspection,

① Fasting blood glucose level is 126mg/dℓ or higher

② 2-hour glucose tolerance test (see reference) of 75g glucose is 200mg/dL or more

③ If the random blood glucose level is 200 mg/dℓ or higher, it is judged to be "diabetic type." If the test is repeated on another day and any of ① to ③ is confirmed to be "diabetic type," the patient is definitively diagnosed with "diabetes."

however,

- Have typical symptoms of diabetes (dry mouth, excessive drinking, excessive urination, weight loss, etc.)

HbA1c value (see reference) is 6.5% or higher

- Past test data showing "diabetes type"

-If definite diabetic retinopathy is found and a single test determines it to be of the diabetic type, the patient will be diagnosed with "diabetes."

(From the Japan Diabetes Society's "2013 Evidence-Based Diabetes Treatment Guidelines")

This is a test to check for diabetes in particular. If diabetes continues, you are more likely to suffer from acute myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction, so please be careful.

Increased in diabetes

A blood glucose test is the first test to be performed when diabetes is suspected.

There are many hormones that regulate blood sugar, but the most important is insulin (see reference). It works by storing the increased glucose in the blood due to meals as glycogen (a sugar used to replenish blood sugar and as an energy source) in tissues, lowering and keeping blood sugar levels constant.

In healthy people, blood sugar levels do not exceed about 170 mg/dℓ even after meals, but if for some reason insulin levels decrease or insulin is no longer able to act, blood sugar levels will rise. This is diabetes.

Beware of Obesity

Blood sugar levels rise due to the diseases listed below, including diabetes, as well as environmental factors such as obesity, overeating, lack of exercise, and stress. In other words, these are risk factors for diabetes, and obesity is the strongest of these.

Fast from 9pm the night before and measure first thing in the morning on an empty stomach

This blood glucose test is the diagnostic criterion 1, "Early morning fasting blood glucose level," and is analyzed using an enzyme-based reagent. It is measured first thing in the morning on an empty stomach after fasting from 9 p.m. the previous night.

Blood glucose levels vary depending on the type of blood drawn. Blood glucose levels in arteries and capillaries are about 10 to 20 mg/dL higher than in veins. For this reason, people with diabetes who monitor their blood glucose levels with a simple blood glucose meter for self-management should be aware that the levels will be higher than when measured at a hospital.

The standard value is less than 110 mg/dL, which is the pathological identification value (upper limit of normal according to the Japan Diabetes Society).

<Diabetes type> Re-examination

If the first early morning fasting blood glucose value is 126 mg/dℓ or higher, it is judged to be "diabetic type" and whether or not the patient has diabetes is judged according to the diagnostic criteria. If the patient is diagnosed with diabetes, the first thing to do is to live a lifestyle that lowers blood glucose levels through diet and exercise therapy (high protein, low calorie diet and appropriate exercise, etc.) under the guidance of a doctor.

The "borderline type" is a group that does not belong to either the "diabetic type" or the "normal type." As a state where there is a high risk of developing diabetes, metabolic status is observed about once every three months, and lifestyle improvements are made to prevent progression to diabetes and to detect the transition to diabetes early.

The main diseases suspected are

◆ High levels → diabetes, pancreatic diseases (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer), endocrine diseases (Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, glucagonoma, etc.), liver diseases (cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis), others (pregnancy, stress, overnutrition, obesity, etc.)

◆ Low values ​​→ pancreatic disease (insulinoma), liver disease (cirrhosis, liver cancer), functional hypoglycemia (fasting, strenuous exercise, renal diabetes, etc.), congenital metabolic disorders (glycogen storage disease, galactosemia)

"Ketto" is a common term used by doctors .

Source: Hoken "4th Edition: A book that explains the tests you will receive at the hospital" Information about the 4th Edition: A book that explains the tests you will receive at the hospital

Japanese:

基準値

110mg/dℓ未満(酵素法)

血糖とは

 血液中に含まれているブドウ糖(グルコース)のこと。血糖は膵臓から分泌されるインスリンやグルカゴンと呼ばれるホルモン、甲状腺ホルモン、副腎皮質ホルモンなどによって調節され、一定の量に保たれている。

■糖尿病の判定基準


最初の検査で、

① 空腹時血糖値が126mg/dℓ以上

② 75gブドウ糖負荷試験(→参照)の2時間値が200mg/dℓ以上

③ 随時血糖値が200mg/dℓ以上のいずれかに該当すれば、〈糖尿病型〉と判定。さらに別の日に再検査して、①~③のいずれかで〈糖尿病型〉が再確認できれば「糖尿病」と確定診断される。

ただし、

・糖尿病の特徴的な症状(口渇、多飲、多尿、体重減少など)がある

・HbA1c値(→参照)が6.5%以上

・過去に〈糖尿病型〉を示した検査データがある

・確実な糖尿病性網膜症が認められる場合は、1回の検査で〈糖尿病型〉と判定されれば、「糖尿病」と診断される。

 (日本糖尿病学会『科学的根拠に基づく糖尿病診療ガイドライン2013』より)

とくに糖尿病を調べる検査です。糖尿病が続くと、急性心筋梗塞や脳梗塞などをおこしやすくなるので、十分に注意してください。

糖尿病で上昇

 血糖の検査は、糖尿病の疑いがあるとき、まず第一に行う検査です。

 血糖を調節しているホルモンはいくつもありますが、とくに重要なのがインスリン(→参照)です。これは、食事によって血液中に増加したブドウ糖をグリコーゲン(血糖の補給、エネルギー源に使われる糖類)として組織に貯蔵し、血糖値を下げて一定に保つ働きをしています。

 健康な人では、食後でも血糖値が約170mg/dℓを超えることはありませんが、何らかの原因でインスリンが減少したり、インスリンが作用できなくなると血糖値が上昇します。これが糖尿病です。

肥満に注意

 血糖値は、糖尿病をはじめとする下に示した病気のほか、肥満、暴飲暴食、運動不足、ストレスなどの環境によっても上昇します。すなわち、これらが糖尿病の危険因子で、なかでも肥満が最も強い危険因子です。

前日の夜9時から絶食し、朝一番に空腹の状態で測定

 この血糖の検査は、診断基準の①「早朝空腹時血糖値」のことで、酵素を用いた試薬によって分析します。前日の夜9時以降絶食し、朝一番に空腹の状態で測定します。

 血糖値は、採血する血液で異なります。動脈や毛細血管での血糖値は静脈の場合よりも10~20mg/dℓ程度高値になります。このため、糖尿病の人が自己血糖管理に用いる簡易血糖測定器で血糖値をモニタリングする場合は、病院で測るときより高値になることを知っておく必要があります。

 基準値は110mg/dℓ未満で、病態識別値(日本糖尿病学会正常型上限)です。

〈糖尿病型〉は再検査

 最初の早朝空腹時血糖の値が126mg/dℓ以上の場合は〈糖尿病型〉と判定し、診断基準に従って糖尿病か否かを判定します。その結果、糖尿病と診断されれば、まずは医師の指導のもと、食事・運動療法(高蛋白・低カロリーの食事と適切な運動など)によって血糖値を下げる生活をするようにします。

 〈境界型〉とは、〈糖尿病型〉にも〈正常型〉にも属さない群のことです。糖尿病になる危険性が高い状態として、3カ月に1回くらいの間隔で代謝状態を観察し、くわえてライフスタイルの改善を行い、糖尿病への進展の予防、糖尿病への移行の早期発見に努めます。

疑われるおもな病気などは

◆高値→糖尿病、膵疾患(膵炎、膵臓がん)、内分泌疾患(クッシング症候群、褐色細胞腫、甲状腺機能亢進症、グルカゴノーマなど)、肝疾患(肝硬変、慢性肝炎)、その他(妊娠、ストレス、過剰栄養、肥満など)

◆低値→膵疾患(インスリノーマ)、肝疾患(肝硬変、肝がん)、機能性低血糖(絶食、激しい運動、腎性糖尿など)、先天性代謝異常(糖原病、ガラクトース血症)

医師が使う一般用語
「けっとう」

出典 法研「四訂版 病院で受ける検査がわかる本」四訂版 病院で受ける検査がわかる本について 情報

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