A meristematic tissue that exists at the boundary between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles of higher plants, it is also called the vascular cambium because it forms the secondary tissues of xylem and phloem. Strictly speaking, the cambium is a single layer of cells that retains the ability to divide. However, since the adjacent layers of cells on either side of it are undifferentiated, it is often difficult to distinguish the cambium. For this reason, the inner and outer layers of the cambium are sometimes collectively called the cambium zone. The stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicotyledonous trees grow larger each year due to the activity of the cambium. The stems of herbaceous dicotyledonous plants do not grow larger significantly because they lack a cambium, its activity is inactive, or its activity period is short. Ferns generally lack a cambium, but some Paleozoic fossil species have a cambium and have become giant trees. Monocotyledonous plants also generally lack a cambium, but there are rare cases where they form a cambium around the periphery of the stem and parenchyma and vascular bundles on the inside. The cells of the cambium are elongated in the vertical direction, and include spindle-shaped initial cells that are pointed at both the top and bottom ends on the tangential plane, and small ray initial cells that are almost equal in diameter. The spindle-shaped initial cells mainly divide on the tangential plane, with the inner cells differentiating into secondary xylem and the outer cells differentiating into secondary phloem. Therefore, xylem, or wood, thickens every year as new xylem is added to the outside of the older parts, and phloem is added to the inside of the older parts, so it breaks and peels off from the older outer parts as the stem thickens. The ray initial cells form secondary rays that run radially within the vascular bundles. In the very young stems of trees, the cambium is not yet developed. In cross section, many parallel vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, and each vascular bundle is composed of phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside. First, an intravascular cambium is formed at the boundary between the two, and then an intervascular cambium is differentiated in the parenchyma between the vascular bundles. The two connect to each other, forming a continuous ring in cross section, and a cylindrical cambium in three dimensions. In young roots, xylem and phloem are arranged radially alternately as separate vascular bundles. The cambium differentiates between the xylem and phloem, and finally wraps the xylem inside, forming an uneven ring in cross section. Its activity is the same as in stems, and it becomes cylindrical as the years go by. In warm temperate trees, the cambium is active from spring to the end of summer, and goes dormant in winter. In addition, there are often differences between wood produced in spring and wood produced at the end of summer in terms of cell size, cell wall thickness, and, in dicotyledonous plants, the distribution of vessels. As a result, concentric annual rings appear on the cross section of the stem. [Kengo Souma] ©Shogakukan "> Cambium development ©Shogakukan "> Diagram of vascular bundle structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
高等植物の維管束の木部(もくぶ)と篩部(しぶ)の境界に存在する分裂組織で、木部と篩部の二次組織を形成するため、維管束形成層ともよばれる。厳密にいえば、形成層は分裂能力を保持している1層の細胞である。しかしそれを挟んで内外に隣接する数層の細胞は未分化のため、形成層を区別することが困難な場合が多い。そのため形成層の内外数層をまとめて形成層帯とよぶこともある。 裸子植物や双子葉植物の樹木の茎や根は、形成層の活動により年々肥大成長する。草本双子葉植物の茎では形成層を欠くか、またはその働きが不活発であったり、あるいは活動期間が短いなどの理由で、肥大成長は顕著ではない。シダ植物は一般に形成層を欠くが、古生代の化石種には形成層が存在し巨木となったものもある。単子葉植物も一般に形成層を欠くが、まれに茎の周辺部に形成層をつくり、内方に柔組織や維管束をつくるものがある。 形成層の細胞には縦方向に細長く、また、接線面で上下両端のとがった紡錘形始原細胞と、ほぼ等径的な小形の放射組織始原細胞がある。紡錘形始原細胞は主として接線面で分裂し、内側の細胞は二次木部に、また外側の細胞は二次篩部に分化する。したがって、木部すなわち材は古い部分の外側に新しく付け加えられるため年々太くなり、篩部は古い部分の内側に新しく加えられるので、茎の肥大に伴い外側の古い部分から破れて剥離(はくり)する。放射組織始原細胞は維管束内を放射方向に走る二次放射組織を形成する。 樹木の茎のごく若い部分では形成層はまだ発達していない。その横断面では多数の並立維管束が環状に配列しており、各維管束は外側が篩部、内側が木部からなる。まず両者の境界部分に維管束内形成層ができ、ついで維管束間の柔組織内に新たに維管束間形成層が分化する。両者は互いに連結し、横断面では連続した環状、また立体的には円筒状の形成層となる。若い根では木部と篩部が別々の維管束として交互に放射状に配列している。形成層は木部と篩部の間に分化し、最終的には木部を内側に包み込んで、横断面でみると凹凸のある環状となる。その活動は茎の場合と同じで、年とともに茎の形成層と同様に円筒状となる。暖温帯の樹木では形成層の活動期間は春から夏の終わりころまでで、冬には休眠する。また春につくられた材と夏の終わりころの材とは、細胞の大きさや細胞壁の厚さ、また双子葉植物では道管の分布などに差異がみられることが多い。そのため茎の横断面には同心円状に年輪ができる。 [相馬研吾] ©Shogakukan"> 形成層の発達 ©Shogakukan"> 維管束の組織図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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