First-order reaction

Japanese: 一次反応 - いちじはんのう(英語表記)first-order reaction
First-order reaction

In chemical reactions, a reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the reactants (the reactants), i.e., a reaction with a reaction order of 1 is called a first-order reaction. If the initial concentration of the reactants is a , and the concentration becomes a - x after a certain time t , the reaction rate v at that time is:
v = dx / dt = k ( a - x )
Or, by integrating,

This proportionality constant k is called the first-order reaction rate constant. For example,

Formally, the radioactive decay of various radioactive nuclides can also be included in this category. Even if a reaction in which chemical species A and B produce products (first order for A and B, respectively, and second order overall) is a second order reaction, if the number of moles of A or B is much greater than the other and the changes during the reaction can be ignored, the reaction may appear to be first order overall. Such reactions are called pseudo-first order reactions. An example is the hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of sucrose.

[Toda Genjiro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

化学反応において、反応速度が反応の原系物質(反応物)の濃度に比例する、すなわち反応次数が1の反応を一次反応という。原系の化学種の初濃度をaとし、ある時間t後に濃度がaxになったとすると、そのときの反応速度vは、
  vdx/dtk(ax)
である。あるいは、積分して、

この比例定数kを一次反応速度定数という。その例として、

などがある。形式上、各種放射性核種の放射性崩壊もこれに含めることができる。また、化学種A、Bから生成物ができる反応(AおよびBについてそれぞれ一次、全体では二次)が二次反応であった場合でも、AまたはBのモル数が、他のものに比べてずっと多く、反応中の変化が無視できるような場合は、全体でもあたかも一次のようにみえることがある。このような反応を擬一次反応という。ショ糖の水溶液の加水分解などがその例である。

[戸田源治郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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