A book written by British classical economist T. R. Malthus. The first edition was published anonymously in 1798 under the title "An Essay on the Principle of Population, with a Discussion of its Influence on Future Social Improvement, with Reference to the Thoughts of Godwin, Condorcet, and Other Authors." It argued that while food only increases arithmetically, population tends to increase geometrically, so food shortages due to overpopulation are inevitable under natural circumstances, and that poverty and vice are unavoidable in order to limit population, which caused a great sensation. Five years later, a second edition was published under the author's name, with a large amount of historical and statistical material added, under the title "An Essay on the Principle of Population, with a Discussion of its Past and Present Influence on the Happiness of Mankind, and Our Prospects for the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Harms Resulting from It." The second edition recognized the significance of moral restraints, such as delaying marriage, as a way to limit population, which also caused a sensation. It was subsequently reprinted several times up to the sixth edition in 1826, and references to political and economic issues were gradually added, but the basic ideas remained unchanged. This principle of population not only became the basis of orthodox economics as it opposed the progressive ideology that sought to solve the problem of poverty through social reform, but also influenced Darwin's theory of evolution and other ideas. It also lives on to this day as neo-Malthusianism, which sees population control through family planning as the key to eliminating poverty. It was introduced to Japan in the early Meiji period by Oshima Sadamasu and others, and much research was carried out during the recession from the end of the Taisho period to the beginning of the Showa period. [Senga Shigeyoshi] "First Edition of The Principles of Population, translated by Iwasaburo Takano and Hyoe Ouchi (Iwanami Bunko)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの古典派経済学者T・R・マルサスの著書。初版は1798年に、『人口の原理に関する一論、それが将来の社会改良に及ぼす影響を、ゴドウィン、コンドルセ、その他の著作家たちの思索に触れて論ず』と題して、匿名で出版された。食糧は算術級数的にしか増加しないのに、人口は幾何級数的に増加する傾向をもつので、自然のままでは過剰人口による食糧不足は避けられないとし、人口を制限するためには貧困や悪徳はやむをえないと論じた本書は、大反響を呼び起こした。5年後には、膨大な歴史的・統計的資料を追加した第2版が、『人口の原理に関する一論、それが人類の幸福に与えた過去および現在の影響と、それがもたらす害悪の将来の除去または軽減に関するわれわれの見通しを論ず』と改題して、著者名入りで出版された。第2版では、人口を制限するものとして、結婚を遅らせるなどの道徳的抑制の意義を認め、これがまた反響をよんだ。その後、1826年の第6版まで版を重ね、しだいに政治経済問題への言及が追加されたが、基本思想に変更はなかった。この人口の原理は、貧民問題を社会変革によって解決しようとする進歩思想に対決するものとして、正統派経済学の基盤になったばかりでなく、ダーウィンの進化論などにも影響を与えた。また、家族計画による人口抑制を貧困解消の鍵(かぎ)とする新マルサス主義として、現代にも生き続けている。日本へは明治初期に大島貞益(さだます)らによって紹介され、大正末期から昭和初期の不況期に、多くの研究が行われた。 [千賀重義] 『高野岩三郎・大内兵衛訳『初版 人口の原理』(岩波文庫)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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