Economic geography (English spelling)

Japanese: 経済地理学 - けいざいちりがく(英語表記)economic geography 英語
Economic geography (English spelling)

An academic field that uses geographical methods to study the spatial development of economic phenomena. Its goal is to clarify the spatial order of economic phenomena on a concrete level by accumulating theoretical considerations of the mechanisms of the geographical development of economic activity and empirical analysis of the regional structure of the economy. For this reason, it is currently the core field of human geography, and is also positioned as a branch of economics. Depending on the economic phenomena that are addressed, geography can be divided into agricultural geography, industrial geography, commercial geography, transportation geography, tourism geography, resource geography, and so on. Depending on the characteristics of the places that are focused on, geography can also be divided into urban economic geography, rural geography, and so on.

Economic geography covers a wide range of regions, from everyday life to the entire world. It investigates the spatial distribution and structure of economic activity, including various industrial circumstances in the target region, analyzes the natural and social environments surrounding them, and considers causal relationships to clarify the establishment and transformation process of geographical development of economic activity. Economic geography also includes theoretical research such as location theory, but since the task is to clarify the actual spatial order of economic phenomena, it often uses various maps, statistics, and documents, as well as placing emphasis on on-site surveys. In doing so, it is important to understand the historical background of the target region and its relationship with other regions (the degree of commonality, difference, and association, and the manner of involvement) without becoming obsessed with investigating the current situation of each individual region.

The origin of economic geography can be traced back to merchant geography, which developed in the early modern period when advanced European countries expanded overseas and trade flourished, and there was a demand for knowledge of overseas colonies, trade goods, sea routes, and ports. This knowledge was gradually compiled and systematized as commercial geography. As geography, especially human geography, developed in general, each field of economic geography also developed. On the other hand, research on industrial location, such as J. H. von Thünen's agricultural location theory and Alfred Weber's industrial location theory, was also promoted in economics. In economics and business administration, research introducing spatial concepts was significantly delayed compared to temporal concepts, but general equilibrium analysis of spatial economies based on the theoretical foundation of location theory and quantitative analysis of regional economies using econometric methods have become active. In recent years, P. Krugman and others have attempted to establish spatial economics using general equilibrium models and simulations under imperfect competition and increasing returns.

Needless to say, economic knowledge is necessary, since the subject is the geographical development of economic activity. In particular, it is important to understand the differences in the stages of economic development, as well as the differences in economic systems and modes of production. Furthermore, under market mechanisms, the industrial location of economic entities is the key to the formation of spatial order in economic phenomena. As this is also known, economic geography occupies a position as a field of economics, particularly applied economics and sectoral economics. On the other hand, the spatial order of economic phenomena in the concrete dimension is always formed under historical regulations, so it is impossible to ignore the social environment, its formation mechanisms and formation logic, the natural environment and its conditions, etc. In this sense, economic geography is also a field of geography. This is because it is impossible to clarify the spatial development of economic phenomena in the concrete dimension without an approach based on geographical analytical methods and methodologies.

[Kato Koji]

"Industrial Location and Regional Structure" by Toshifumi Yada (1983, Daimeido)""Economic Geography" edited by Tetsuro Kawashima (1986, Asakura Shoten)"For Students of Economic Geography" edited by Goichi Tsuji (2000, Sekaishisosha)""Economic Geography - Theory of Location, Regions, and Cities" by Hiroshi Matsubara (2006, University of Tokyo Press)

[References] | Weber | Krugman | Econometrics | Human Geography | Thünen | Location Theory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地理学の方法をもって経済現象の空間的展開を研究する学問分野。経済活動の地理的展開メカニズムに関する理論的考察ならびに経済の地域構造に関する実証的な分析を積み重ねることで、経済現象の空間的秩序を具体的な次元で解明することを課題としている。このため現在の人文地理学の中心分野であると同時に、経済学の一部門としても位置づけられている。いかなる経済現象を扱うかによって、農業地理学、工業地理学、商業地理学、交通地理学、観光地理学、資源地理学などの区分があり、また着眼する場所の特性に応じて、都市経済地理学、農村地理学といった区分もある。

 経済地理学の対象とする地域の範囲は、日常生活の範囲から世界全体に及ぶ。対象とする地域における各種の産業事情をはじめ、広く経済活動の空間分布や構成を調べ、それらを取り巻く自然環境・社会環境を分析し、因果関係を考察して、経済活動の地理的な展開の成立ならびに変容の過程を解明する。経済地理学には立地論などの理論的研究も含まれるが、経済現象の空間秩序の実態解明が課題であることから、各種の地図・統計・文献を利用するほかに、現地の実態調査を重視して研究を進めることが多い。その際、個別地域の現状を調査することに埋没することなく、対象地域の歴史的背景、他の地域との関係(共通・相異・関連の度合いやかかわり方)を把握することが重要になる。

 経済地理学の起源は、近世に入って、ヨーロッパ先進諸国の海外進出、貿易隆昌(りゅうしょう)の時期に、海外の植民地や貿易商品や航路港湾などの知識が要請されて発達した商人地理学に求めることができる。この知識がしだいに集成されて、商業地理学として体系化された。地理学とくに人文地理学全般の発達に伴って、経済地理学の各分野も進展してきた。一方、経済学の側からも、J・H・フォン・チューネンの農業立地論やアルフレッド・ウェーバーの工業立地論など、産業の立地に関する研究が進められた。経済学および経営学においては、時間的概念に比べて空間的概念を導入した研究が著しく遅れていたが、立地論を理論的基礎とした空間経済の一般均衡分析や計量経済学の手法を用いた地域経済の計量分析も活発に行われるようになった。また近年では、P・クルーグマンらの手で不完全競争と収穫逓増下における一般均衡モデルやシミュレーションを用いた空間経済学の確立も企図されている。

 経済活動の地理的展開を対象にすることから、経済的な知識が必要であることはいうまでもない。とりわけ、経済の発達段階の差異や経済体制・生産様式の違いを理解しておくことは重要である。また市場メカニズムの下では、経済主体である企業の産業立地が、経済現象の空間的秩序が形成されるにあたっての鍵(かぎ)となる。このことからも知られるように、経済地理学は経済学、なかでも応用経済学・部門経済学の一分野としての位置を占める。他方で、具体的次元における経済現象の空間的秩序は、つねに歴史的規定の下に形成された存在であるため、社会環境やその形成機構・形成論理、自然環境やその条件などを無視することはできない。この意味からすれば、経済地理学は地理学の一分野でもある。地理学的な分析手法や方法論に基づくアプローチなくしては、経済現象の空間的展開を具体的次元で解明することはできないからである。

[加藤幸治]

『矢田俊文著『産業配置と地域構造』(1983・大明堂)』『川島哲郎編『経済地理学』(1986・朝倉書店)』『辻悟一編『経済地理学を学ぶ人のために』(2000・世界思想社)』『松原宏著『経済地理学――立地・地域・都市の理論』(2006・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | ウェーバー | クルーグマン | 計量経済学 | 人文地理学 | チューネン | 立地論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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