Light oil - Keiyu (English spelling) gas oil

Japanese: 軽油 - けいゆ(英語表記)gas oil
Light oil - Keiyu (English spelling) gas oil

A petroleum product. It is called diesel because it has a lower boiling point than heavy oil. It is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, with a boiling point in the range of 200-550°C, a flash point above 50°C, and a specific gravity between 0.79 and 0.85. Its color varies depending on the petroleum used as the raw material, and is colorless or light brown.

There are two types of diesel fuel: light diesel oil and heavy diesel oil. The former is a fraction with a boiling point of about 200-340°C that is distilled after kerosene during normal pressure distillation of petroleum. Diesel oil as a normal petroleum product is a blend of light diesel oil and desulfurized diesel oil that has been hydrodesulfurized, and is primarily used as fuel for high-speed diesel engines in automobiles and trains. An important property of diesel fuel is the cetane number, which indicates its ignition ability, and high-speed diesel fuel has a cetane number of 40-60.

Heavy diesel is the fraction that comes out after light diesel during atmospheric distillation of petroleum, and the first oil to come out during vacuum distillation of atmospheric residue. Heavy diesel or its hydrodesulfurized counterpart is mixed with atmospheric residue to produce heavy oil. It is also used as a feedstock for catalytic cracking and hydrocracking to produce cracked gasoline. Other uses for diesel include cleaning machines, fuel for ceramic burners, and as a solvent.

Diesel oil can be obtained by distillation of petroleum, or as a by-product of the manufacture of petroleum coke by thermal cracking of vacuum distillation residue (straight asphalt). It can also be produced from coal liquefaction and synthetic petroleum from oil sands or oil shale.

[Namba Seitaro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

石油製品の一つ。重油に比べて沸点が低いことから軽油とよばれる。各種炭化水素の混合物で、沸点は200~550℃の範囲、引火点は50℃以上、比重0.79~0.85の間である。色は原料の石油により異なり、無色ないし淡褐色である。

 軽油には軽質軽油と重質軽油があり、前者は石油の常圧蒸留において灯油ののちに留出する沸点約200~340℃の留分である。通常の石油製品としての軽油は、軽質軽油と、これを水素化脱硫した脱硫軽油とを調合したもので、自動車や鉄道用などの高速ディーゼルエンジンの燃料に主として用いられる。ディーゼル燃料の重要な性質は、着火性を表すセタン価であり、高速ディーゼル燃料としてはセタン価40~60のものが用いられる。

 重質軽油は、石油の常圧蒸留において軽質軽油ののちに留出する留分と、常圧蒸留残油の減圧蒸留において最初に留出する油である。重質軽油またはこれを水素化脱硫したものは、常圧蒸留残油と調合され重油となる。また、分解ガソリン製造のための接触分解および水素化分解の原料としても用いられる。軽油のそのほかの用途としては、機械の洗浄用、陶磁器用バーナー燃料、溶剤などがある。

 なお、軽油は石油の蒸留で得られるほか、減圧蒸留残油(ストレートアスファルト)の熱分解による石油コークスの製造の際に副生する。石炭の液化油およびオイルサンドまたはオイルシェールからの合成石油を原料として製造することも可能である。

[難波征太郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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