Instrument flight rules (IFR)

Japanese: 計器飛行方式 - けいきひこうほうしき(英語表記)instrument flight rules; IFR
Instrument flight rules (IFR)
A type of flight procedure for aircraft, in which aircraft receive clearance at night or when visibility is poor, and fly according to on-board instruments and instructions from ground controllers. Also called IFR flight. As a result of air traffic congestion and increased flight speeds, all civil aircraft flying major air routes are required to operate according to this procedure, regardless of visibility. In particular, recent aircraft have developed navigation instruments and autopilots, and ground navigation aids have also become more extensive, which has significantly improved all-weather capabilities and made instrument flight safer and easier. (→Air Traffic Control)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
航空機の飛行方式の一種で,夜間もしくは視界が悪いときに管制承認 (クリアランス) を受け,機上の計器と地上の管制官の指示によって飛行する方法。 IFR飛行ともいう。主要航空路を飛ぶ民間機は航空交通の輻輳と飛行速度の増大の結果,視界の良好にかかわらず,原則としてすべてこの方式によって運航することになっている。とりわけ最近の航空機は航法計器,自動操縦装置が発達し,地上の航法援助施設も充実してきたことから,全天候性が著しく向上し,安全かつ容易に計器飛行が可能となっている。 (→航空交通管制 )

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