The somatosensory cortex is the area in the cerebral cortex where a sensory impulse first arrives. All information about various senses from the outside world or inside the body, except for the sense of smell, is relayed to the thalamus and then sent to an area called the sensory cortex (sensory region) or perceptual cortex (perceptual region). This area is a specific area of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory information, and is localized according to the type of sensation. For example, the area that receives sensations from the skin (touch, temperature, pain) and deep sensations (pressure, muscle sensation) is called the somatosensory cortex, and in humans, this corresponds to the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe just behind the central sulcus. The areas of the cerebral cortex that receive vision, hearing, and taste are called the visual cortex, auditory cortex, and gustatory cortex, respectively, and each function has a clearly defined localization within the cerebral cortex. The visual cortex is located in the area surrounding the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe, the auditory cortex is located in the transverse temporal gyrus in the lateral sulcus of the temporal lobe, and the gustatory cortex is located in the area adjacent to the posterior inferior part of the somatosensory area. It is believed that these various sensory information are perceived by the cerebral cortex and then become conscious, but in the case of olfaction, the receptor site is a part of the limbic system known as the olfactory brain, and not the neocortex. However, it has been discovered that high-level olfactory information (such as odor preferences) is sent from the limbic system via the thalamus to the prefrontal cortex, where it is processed. Furthermore, the localization of sensory areas in the cerebral cortex has been proven in mammals other than humans, with the regions homologous to those in humans corresponding to the respective sensory areas. The cerebral cortex that directly receives sensory information is called the primary sensory area, and it is believed that there are secondary and tertiary sensory areas nearby that integrate sensory information. [Yasumi Arai] [Reference] |©Shogakukan "> Cortical centers in the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大脳皮質において感覚のインパルスが最初に到達する部分をいう。外界あるいは体内からのさまざまな感覚に関する情報は、嗅覚(きゅうかく)を除いては、すべて視床に中継されたのち、感覚野(感覚領)あるいは知覚野(知覚領)ともよばれる部位に送られる。この部位は、感覚情報を受容する大脳皮質の特定な領域で、感覚の種類によって局在性がある。たとえば、皮膚からの感覚(触覚、温覚、痛覚)や深部感覚(圧覚、筋覚)を受容する部分を体性感覚野といい、ヒトでは中心溝のすぐ後方の頭頂葉にある中心後回がこれにあたる。また、視覚、聴覚、味覚を受容する大脳皮質の部分をそれぞれ視覚野、聴覚野、味覚野とよび、大脳皮質のなかではおのおのの機能の局在性がはっきりしている。視覚野は後頭葉の鳥距溝を囲む領域、聴覚野は側頭葉の外側溝のところにある横側頭回の部分、味覚野は体性感覚の領域の後下部に接した部位にある。 これらさまざまの感覚情報は大脳皮質で感受されると意識に上ると考えられるが、嗅覚の場合は、その受容部位が大脳辺縁系のいわゆる嗅脳とよばれる部分で、新皮質ではないとされる。しかし、高度な嗅覚情報(においの好みなど)は大脳辺縁系から視床を経由して前頭葉前野に送られ、ここで処理されることが判明した。 さらに、ヒト以外の哺乳(ほにゅう)動物においても感覚野の局在性が大脳皮質に証明されており、ヒトと相同の領域がそれぞれの感覚野に相当している。感覚情報を直接受容する大脳皮質を一次感覚野というが、その近くには二次、三次の感覚野があり、感覚情報の統合を行うと考えられている。 [新井康允] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 大脳皮質上外側面における各皮質中枢 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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