A representative Japanese distilled liquor. It is made from grains such as rice, wheat, and buckwheat, as well as sweet potatoes and potatoes. It is said to be a famous distilled liquor equivalent to China's Moutai, Britain's whiskey, and France's Cognac. It is divided into "class A" which is made using the new distillation method, and "class B" which is made using the traditional distillation method. Currently, shochu has an alcohol content ranging from 20 to 45 degrees (same as percentage), but 25 degrees is the most common. Shochu is defined as a product made by fermenting starch from rice, wheat, potatoes, etc. with koji (malt), saccharifying it, and then distilling it, or by fermenting sugary ingredients such as molasses. Class A is made using a continuous distillation machine, while Class B is made using a pot still. Class A alcohol content is 36 degrees or less, while Class B is 45 degrees or less. Class A is made by diluting pure alcohol with water, and is also called white liquor. Class B is also called old-fashioned shochu or authentic shochu, and is unique to Japan. Tax-wise, shochu differs from whiskey and brandy in that it does not use germinated grains (such as malt) or fruits as ingredients. In addition, the use of molasses is generally limited to Class A (Amami Oshima's brown sugar shochu is an exception, but is Class B). [Yuichi Akiyama] historyA piece of wood with ink writing (carpenter's graffiti) discovered in the shrine building of Koriyama Hachiman in Ookuchi Ota, Isa City, Kagoshima Prefecture, has an article indicating that "shochu" was drunk in this region in 1559 (Eiroku 2). The word "shochu" does not exist in China, and the characters on this piece of wood are the first to appear in Japan. In the "Wakan Sansai Zue" (1713), the kana characters "shauchiu" and "shautsuyu" are used under the entry for "shochu," and it explains, "The characters for fire sake and Arakisake are now used for shochu, and chu is the name for heavy brewed sake, and the meaning is the same." Arakisake is derived from the Arabic word arak (meaning sweat or evaporation) and means distilled liquor, and a similar word is used in China and Southeast Asia. In Hizen (Saga and Nagasaki prefectures) and Higo (Kumamoto prefecture), it is sometimes written as Arakizake or Arakizake. The first records of Nanban soju, Aleji and Ariki, in China date back to the Yuan Dynasty (13th-14th century), and the presence of Nanban soju in Okinawa is known from a shipwreck report by a Jeju resident in 1477 (Bunmei 9). The device used to distill these soju is called an alembic in Arabic, and in Japan it is called a lambiki. The Chinese believe that Aleji was introduced from Nanban (Yunnan region), while in Okinawa it is said to have been introduced from Nanban (Thailand). The Nanban soju introduced to Okinawa later came to be called Awamori, but this production method was eventually introduced to Satsuma (Kagoshima Prefecture) and became shochu. Shochu in Okinawa and Kagoshima was made by adding koji to rice or millet or other grains, called moromi, but in the second half of the 17th century it spread to other regions, and kasutori, which is made by distilling the lees from pressing sake, also came into use. Potato shochu first appeared in the late Edo period, when sweet potatoes were introduced and became popular. During the Edo period, shochu was used to make mirin and shirozake, and by adding roots, bark, and plants, sake such as toso and homeishu was made as longevity remedies. [Yuichi Akiyama] Production and consumptionShochu Class A is made by producing 95% rectified alcohol in a continuous distillation machine, adding water to it to adjust it to the specified alcohol content, storing it, and shipping it. Some types are mixed with Class B to enhance the flavor (in this case, the most common are listed as Class A and Class B mixed, or Class B and Class A mixed), and if the content is less than 5%, it is not necessary to indicate the blending content. Shochu type B is diverse, depending on the region, with local agricultural products used as the main ingredient. The manufacturing method differs slightly depending on the main ingredient, but in principle, the first mash (equivalent to the yeast starter) is made using rice koji, which is fermented, and the main ingredient is added to this to make the second mash, which is then aged and distilled in a single distiller. Until the end of the Meiji period, yellow koji mold used for sake was used for the rice koji, but nowadays black koji mold, which produces citric acid, or its mutant white koji mold, which produces white koji mold, are used. The main production areas of Kyushu and Okinawa are warm, so they are not blessed with the natural conditions of "cold brewing," and lactic acid bacteria that inhibit fermentation are prone to grow. To prevent this, black koji mold, which produces a lot of citric acid, is used. The koji is made in much the same way as for sake. The ingredients are unique to each region, and the aroma and flavor also differ. Okinawa's awamori is made using Thai rice, with the entire amount of koji used to make the mash. This gives it a unique aroma and strong flavor. In the Kuma region of Kumamoto Prefecture, rice is used, in Kagoshima Prefecture, Miyazaki Prefecture, and Hachijojima, sweet potato is used (the sake has a light, sweet taste, but a savory aroma), in Iki, barley (has a flavor similar to roasted barley), rice and brown sugar are used on Amami Oshima, and in Takachiho, Miyazaki Prefecture, and Nagano Prefecture, buckwheat is used. Barley shochu is common in the Kyushu region. There are also kasutori, which uses the lees from pressed sake, sakatori, which distills sake and moromi, moromitori, and rice brantori (kasutori, which was on the market immediately after Japan's defeat in World War II, is a moonshine made by distilling doburoku). Shochu is made in various places, and the circumstances surrounding the ingredients have changed, so it does not necessarily follow the above. There are also various ways to drink it, such as straight, on the rocks, or mixed with hot water. Distillation is done using a single distillation machine called a kabuto kettle, and can be done using direct flame, steam injection, or indirect heating methods. Shochu is not distilled again like whiskey, so the method of distillation affects its quality. The first distillation has a high alcohol content and is rich in aromatic components, but also contains unpleasant-smelling components such as aldehydes, and in the latter distillation section, the temperature of the mash rises and it is prone to developing a burnt smell, so care must be taken and an appropriate amount is removed. It is stored at an alcohol content of around 35-42%, but the oily substances that rise to the surface during storage are higher fatty acid esters such as linoleic acid, which can cause an unpleasant odor known as an oily smell and cause the liquid to become cloudy, so it is filtered and refined to maintain quality and to ship clear shochu. Although the main production area is Southern Kyushu, it was once produced as a side job by sake brewers all over the country, and in 1935 (Showa 10), the amount was about 90,000 kiloliters. Shochu was the first alcoholic beverage to make a comeback after the Second World War, and in 1950, production was 180,000 kiloliters, the same amount as sake, and by around 1980, it had reached 280,000 kiloliters. It remained at 200,000 kiloliters after that, but with the resurgence in popularity of shochu, consumption became more active. In 1981, the amount of A-class was about 150,000 kiloliters, and B-class was about 100,000 kiloliters, in 1984 it was about 350,000 kiloliters of A-class and 200,000 kiloliters of B-class, and in 1995 (Heisei 7), it had increased to 380,000 kiloliters of A-class and 270,000 kiloliters of B-class. Aged awamori (kusu) is highly valued, but in Japan, there is no custom of storing and aging shochu, and shochu is consumed that year. However, following the example of whiskey and brandy, stored and aged shochu is also available. [Yuichi Akiyama] "The Story of Shochu" by Seinosuke Sugama (1984, Gihodo Publishing) " ▽ "Encyclopedia of Shochu" by Seinosuke Sugama (1985, Sanseido)" ▽ "Shochu" edited by the Asahi Shimbun Western Headquarters Social Affairs Department (1983, Asahi Shimbun)" ▽ "Shochu" by Takeo Fukumitsu (1976, Ashi Shobo)" ▽ "Authentic Shochu Manufacturing Technology" edited and published by the Brewing Society of Japan (1991) [References] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Shochu manufacturing process and distillation method (sweet potato shochu) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本の代表的な蒸留酒。原料として米、麦、ソバなどの穀類やサツマイモ、ジャガイモなどが用いられる。中国の茅台酒(マオタイチウ)、イギリスのウイスキー、フランスのコニャックに相当する名蒸留酒といわれる。新式蒸留法による「甲類」と、伝統的な蒸留法による「乙類」に分かれる。 現在の焼酎はアルコール分として20度から45度(%と同じ)まであるが、25度のものが量的にもっとも多い。焼酎の定義は、米、麦、いもなどのデンプン質を麹(こうじ)で糖化、発酵させ、また糖蜜(とうみつ)など糖質原料を発酵させ、蒸留したものである。甲類は連続式蒸留機を使用し、乙類は単式蒸留機(ポットスチル)を用いてつくる。アルコール分は甲類は36度以下、乙類は45度以下とされている。要するに甲類は純アルコールを水で薄めたもので、ホワイトリカーともよばれる。乙類は旧式焼酎とか本格焼酎ともよばれ、わが国固有のものである。ウイスキー、ブランデーと税法上異なるのは、焼酎が原料に発芽穀類(たとえば麦芽)や果実類を使用しない点である。また、糖蜜などの使用は原則として甲類に限られている(奄美(あまみ)大島の黒糖焼酎は乙類であるが例外)。 [秋山裕一] 歴史鹿児島県伊佐(いさ)市大口大田(おおくちおおた)の郡山八幡(こおりやまはちまん)の社殿から発見された墨書木片(大工の落書き)には、1559年(永禄2)この地方で「焼酎」が飲まれていたことを示す記事があった。「焼酎」の語は中国になく、日本でもこの木片の文字が初見である。『和漢三才図会(わかんさんさいずえ)』(1713)には、「焼酒」の項に「しやうちう」「シヤウツユウ」と仮名を振り、「火酒、阿剌吉酒(アラキサケ)、今焼酎ノ字ヲ用フ、酎ハ重醸酒ノ名也(なり)、字義亦(また)通ズ」と解説している。阿剌吉酒は、アラビア語のアラック(汗とか蒸散の意)が語源で蒸留酒を意味し、同様の語が中国や東南アジアでも通用している。肥前(佐賀県・長崎県)・肥後(熊本県)あたりでは荒木酒、荒気酒と書いた例もある。 中国で初めて南蛮焼酒―阿剌吉・阿里乞(アリキ)の記録が現れるのは元朝(13~14世紀)であり、1477年(文明9)には沖縄に南蛮焼酒のあったことが済州島民の漂流報告で知られる。これらの焼酒を蒸留する器具はアラビア語でアランビックとよばれ、日本でもランビキ(蘭引)とよんでいる。中国人は、阿剌吉を南蛮(雲南地方)より伝わったものとし、沖縄では南蛮(タイ)から伝来したものと伝承している。沖縄に伝わった南蛮焼酒はのちに泡盛(あわもり)とよばれるようになるが、この製法はやがて薩摩(さつま)(鹿児島県)に伝わり、焼酎となるのである。 沖縄・鹿児島の焼酎は、米あるいは黍(きび)・粟(あわ)などの雑穀を原料として麹を加えて仕込む「醪取(もろみど)り」であったが、17世紀後半には他地域にも普及して、清酒の搾り粕(かす)を蒸留する「粕取り」も行われた。いも焼酎が登場するのは甘藷(かんしょ)(サツマイモ)が伝来し、普及した江戸後期のことである。 江戸時代には、焼酎はみりん、白酒(しろざけ)作りに用いられ、さらに草根木皮を加えて長寿薬として屠蘇(とそ)酒や保命酒などがつくられた。 [秋山裕一] 生産・消費焼酎甲類は、連続式蒸留機により95%の精留アルコールをつくり、これに加水して所定のアルコール度数に調整し、貯蔵して出荷する。風味を増すために乙類を混和したものもあり(この場合、甲乙混和あるいは乙甲混和と多いものを先に記す)、5%以内では混和を表示しなくてよいことになっている。 焼酎乙類は、地方によりその地の農産物が主原料に使われ、多様である。主原料により製法は多少異なるが、原理的には、米麹を用いて一次もろみ(酒母に相当)をつくり、発酵、これに主原料を加えて二次もろみをつくり、熟成を待って単式蒸留機で蒸留する。米麹は、明治末期までは日本酒用の黄麹(きこうじ)菌を用いていたが、現在ではクエン酸をつくる黒(くろ)麹菌あるいはその変異した白麹菌を用いる。主産地の九州や沖縄地方は、温暖なために「寒づくり」という自然条件に恵まれず、発酵を阻害する乳酸菌などが増殖しやすい。これを防ぐためにクエン酸を多くつくる黒麹菌を使うのである。麹の作り方は日本酒の場合とほぼ同じである。原料は地方により特色があり香味も違う。沖縄の泡盛はタイ米を用い全量を麹としてもろみをつくる。したがって特有の香りと濃い味をもつ。熊本県球磨(くま)地方では米、鹿児島県・宮崎県・八丈島ではサツマイモ(酒質は軽く甘味があるが、ふかしいもの香りがする)、壱岐(いき)は麦(麦こがしのような風味がある)、奄美大島では米と黒糖が、宮崎県の高千穂や長野県ではソバが使われる。九州地域では麦焼酎が多い。清酒の搾り粕を使う粕取り、清酒やもろみを蒸留する酒取り、もろみ取り、米糠(ぬか)取りもある(第二次世界大戦の敗戦直後に出回ったカストリは、どぶろくを蒸留した密造酒である)。各地で焼酎がつくられ、また、原料事情も変わってきているので、かならずしも前記によらないことがある。飲み方もストレート、オンザロック、お湯割りなどさまざまである。 蒸留の方法は、かぶと釜(がま)という単式蒸留機を用いるが、直火(じかび)式と蒸気吹込み式あるいは間接加熱式などがある。焼酎はウイスキーのように再留をしないから、蒸留のやり方が品質に影響する。初留はアルコール分も高く香気成分も多いが、アルデヒドのような香りのよくない成分も含まれ、後留区分はもろみの温度が上がり、焦げ臭などがつきやすいので注意が必要で、適当量を除く。アルコール分35~42度くらいで貯蔵するが、貯蔵中に浮上してくる油性物質はリノール酸などの高級脂肪酸エステルで、油臭といわれる不快臭の元になったり、白濁をおこすので、品質の保持や澄明な焼酎を出荷するために濾過(ろか)精製する。 生産は南九州が主産地だが、かつては全国各地の酒造家の副業で製造され、1935年(昭和10)ごろには約9万キロリットルであった。第二次世界大戦後いち早く復活したアルコール飲料は焼酎で、50年には日本酒と同量の18万キロリットルを生産し、55年ごろには28万キロリットルを示した。以後20万キロリットルを保っていたが、焼酎人気の復活によって、消費は活発化した。81年には甲類約15万キロリットル、乙類約10万キロリットル、84年には甲類約35万キロリットル、乙類20万キロリットル、95年(平成7)には甲類38万キロリットル、乙類27万キロリットルと増加している。なお泡盛は古酒(クース)を珍重するが、わが国では焼酎を貯蔵、熟成させる習慣がなく、その年のものを消費している。しかしウイスキー、ブランデーに倣い、貯蔵、熟成したものも出回っている。 [秋山裕一] 『菅間誠之助著『焼酎のはなし』(1984・技報堂出版)』▽『菅間誠之助著『焼酎の事典』(1985・三省堂)』▽『朝日新聞西部本社社会部編『焼酎』(1983・朝日新聞社)』▽『福満武雄著『焼酎』(1976・葦書房)』▽『日本醸造協会編・刊『本格焼酎製造技術』(1991)』 [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 焼酎の製造工程と蒸留法(いも焼酎) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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