A military band belonging to the army, navy, air force, police, etc. It was originally formed for practical purposes such as signals and marches, but later it was given the task of providing music for various national events. Its origins date back to ancient Jewish and Roman times, but the basis of today's military band was formed in France in the 17th century, with oboes, bassoons, and drums. The military band of Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia added clarinets and horns, and around 1800 Turkish military music such as the Turkish March became popular in Europe, and many percussion instruments such as cymbals were added. Napoleon's military band added piccolos and trombones in addition to these instruments, and in 1845 adopted the saxophone after adopting the improvements of A. Sax. Since military bands mainly play outdoors, they usually do not include string instruments with low volume or instruments that are not portable (such as pianos). The repertoire consisted mainly of marches and ceremonial music, but in France in particular, former military band members served as professors at the Paris Conservatoire, and there was an atmosphere of exploration of technical refinement and artistry, leading to the production of excellent works for military bands by Berlioz and others. Currently, the Garde République band, the military band of the Republican Guard attached to the French Army General Staff, is world famous. In addition, like the UK, there are military bands from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, each of which has its own unique repertoire that includes folk songs from each region, and there are also unique formations such as the Scots Guards, which also includes a bagpipe corps. Two military bands accompanied Commodore Perry of the United States when he visited Japan in 1853 (Kaei 6). When the shogunate and each feudal domain adopted a Western military system, drum and fife corps were formed as part of Western-style training. In 1869 (Meiji 2), a military band was formed for the Satsuma domain, taught by Fenton, the bandmaster of the 10th Battalion of the Royal Navy Infantry, which was stationed in Yokohama at the time. In 1871, when the Ministry of War was divided into the Ministry of the Army and the Ministry of the Navy, military bands for both the army and navy were created. The military band of the Heigakuryo Training Corps, which was established at this time, would later become the military band of the Toyama Army School. The military bands of the army and navy underwent changes in organization and personnel due to several wars and disarmament, but they continued to exist until the dissolution of the armed forces in 1945 (Showa 20). From 1905 (Meiji 38), the group began holding concerts in Hibiya Park in Tokyo, making a great contribution to the spread of Western music in Japan. [Yoshio Miyama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
陸軍、海軍、空軍、警察などに所属する楽隊。当初は合図や行進など軍の行動のための実用目的から結成されたが、のちに種々の国家的行事などにおける音楽を担当する任務も加わった。起源は古く、ユダヤ教や古代ローマの時代から存在したが、今日の形の軍楽隊の基礎は17世紀にフランスで形成されたもので、オーボエ、ファゴット、ドラムで編成された。プロイセンのフリードリヒ2世(大王)の軍楽隊はクラリネット、ホルンを加え、また1800年ごろには『トルコ行進曲』にみられるようなトルコの軍楽がヨーロッパで流行し、シンバルをはじめとする打楽器が多く加えられた。ナポレオンの軍楽隊は、これらの楽器のほかピッコロ、トロンボーンなどを加え、1845年にはA・サックスの楽器改良を取り入れてサクソフォーンが採用されている。軍楽隊は野外での奏楽が主であるため、音量の乏しい弦楽器や、可搬性のない楽器(ピアノなど)は通常含まれない。 演奏曲目は行進曲や儀式用の音楽が中心であったが、とくにフランスでは軍楽隊出身者がパリ音楽院の教授を務めるなど、技術的洗練と芸術性を探究する土壌を背景に、ベルリオーズらが軍楽隊用の優れた作品を発表した。 現在、フランス陸軍参謀本部付の共和国親衛隊軍楽隊であるギャルド・レピュブリケーヌ吹奏楽団が世界的に有名である。またイギリスのように、イングランド、スコットランド、アイルランド、ウェールズの軍楽隊があって、各地伝承の民謡をレパートリーに加えて特色があり、バッグパイプ隊を併置しているスコッツ・ガードのような特殊な編成のものもある。 日本には、1853年(嘉永6)アメリカのペリー提督が来日した際、2組の軍楽隊が同行している。幕府および各藩が西洋の軍制を採用するに際し、洋式訓練の一部として鼓隊(こたい)あるいは鼓笛(こてき)隊が編成された。1869年(明治2)には、当時横浜に駐屯していたイギリス海軍歩兵隊第10番大隊付軍楽隊楽長フェントンの指導を受けた薩摩(さつま)藩軍楽隊が編成されている。71年、兵部省が陸軍省と海軍省に分けられるのに伴い、陸・海の両軍楽隊が誕生した。このとき発足した兵学寮教導団軍楽隊が後の陸軍戸山学校軍楽隊である。陸海軍の軍楽隊は数次の戦争や軍縮のつど、組織や人員に増減・変遷はあったが、1945年(昭和20)の軍隊解体まで続く。1905年(明治38)からは演奏会を東京・日比谷(ひびや)公園で開くなど、日本の洋楽普及への貢献は大きいものがあった。 [美山良夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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