Public exam - Kugen

Japanese: 公験 - くげん

〘noun〙 (certificate issued by the state) 1. Under the ritsuryo system, a certificate issued to those who had attained the qualification to become monks or nuns. Later, with the arrival of Ganjin, this system disappeared, and was replaced by the issuance of a precept certificate. It was also sometimes issued to monks when they set out on a long journey. *Shoku Nihongi - Yoro 4th year (720), January 1st, Dingshi, " _{First grant of} the official certificate _{to monks and} nuns" 2. Under the ritsuryo system, this document officially acknowledges the transfer of ownership due to the sale or transfer of private land. The seller or transferor would submit a notice of transfer, and in response the responsible person in charge, such as the kokushi or gunji , would write the wording of the official trial such as "judgment of kokushi" and their signature directly on the notice or on a separate sheet of paper and issue it. ※Tounan-in documents - Tenpyo Jingo 2nd year (766) October 21st, Echizen kokushi commentary " _{One previous official decision, one} _retrial , _one for the tribunal, _etc. " ③ In the Middle Ages, this refers to documents such as imperial edicts and official documents from the shogunate that officially certify the transfer of land and other rights, excluding private sales tickets and donation letters. ※Koyasan documents - Meitoku 3rd year (1392) leap October 21st, Ouchi clan magistrate's document " _One _official decision in dispute, no precedent _{for the} protection, after _all , _only 500 koku, one _branch _{and one} _{general manor} ."

Public exam

〘Noun〙 ⇒Kugen (public experience)

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙 (国家から下付する証明書)① 令制で、度縁をえて僧や尼になったものに下付した証明書。後、鑑真の渡来により、戒牒の授与を以てこれにかえ、この制は消滅した。また、僧が長旅に出るに際して与えたこともある。※続日本紀‐養老四年（720）正月丁巳「始授_二僧尼公験_一」② 令制で私有地の売買譲与による所有権の移動を公認する文書。売主譲主が解(げ)で上申し、これに対して国司郡司等の所管責任者が「判国司」等の公判の文言と位署を直接その解に書きこんだり別紙に書いたりして与えた。※東南院文書‐天平神護二年（766）一〇月二一日・越前国司解「偏随_二前公験_一、復判_二給入麻呂等_一」③ 中世、私的な売券、寄進状を除いて、院宣や幕府の公文書で所領そのほかの権利の移動を公的に証明する文書をいう。※高野山文書‐明徳三年（1392）閏一〇月二一日・大内氏奉行衆奉書「争閣_二公験_一、可_レ守_二無文例_一哉、所詮五百石者、令_レ支_二配惣庄_一」