Noble's land - Kugeryo

Japanese: 公家領 - くげりょう

A general term for the estates of the Imperial family, regent families, aristocrats, and officials from ancient times to the early modern period. As the Ritsuryo system relaxed, they were widely formed as the economic base of the aristocracy, replacing subsidies from the state. From the mid-Heian period onwards, as class differentiation progressed and family status and occupations became fixed, their forms diversified, but generally they consisted of palaces, family land, manors, temples or clan temples and their estates. The regent family estates consisted of watariryo, which was passed down with the position of clan head, and keryo, which was passed down from generation to generation within each family. There were two types of keryo: those with the position of honke, and those with the position of honjo, which advanced or retired from manor duties. Lower-ranking positions of other families, including the Imperial family, were not included. The majority of the upper-ranking noble lands next to the regents were lower-ranking positions such as the ryoke position of the imperial lands, while the majority of the mid- to lower-ranking noble lands were made up of lower-ranking positions of the upper-ranking noble lands, including the regents. As the position of shoshi was passed down as a family position, the shoshi's lands became the de facto lands of the families. Among the nobles' chigyo provinces and ingu bunkoku provinces, which increased from the late Heian period onwards, some were passed down to specific families and became noble lands after the Kamakura period. After the Onin and Bunmei Wars, the number of noble lands with actual chigyo status rapidly decreased. Under the Oda and Toyotomi governments, nobles were given chigyo land in the form of confirmation and donation, and the original form of noble lands that existed throughout the Edo period was created. In October 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu ordered the recording of the lands of the nobles, and in the following year, 1601, the Imperial family and nobles were allocated fiefs with a total value of nearly 30,000 koku. The amount of land allocated to each noble family was determined by the family's rank, how old the family was, and its relationship with the shogunate. The allocation of fiefs was carried out by issuing hanmotsu to those with the rank of Seiga, Minister or above, and Junior First Rank, and red seal letters to those below that rank.

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

古代から近世にいたる皇室・摂関家・貴族・官人の所領の総称。律令制の弛緩に伴い，国家による給付に替わって貴族層の経済的基盤として広範に形成された。平安時代中期以降階層分化が進行し，家格・家職が固定化するに従い，形態は多様化したが，一般には殿舎・家地・荘園，御願寺もしくは氏寺とその所領などで構成された。摂関家領は氏長者(うじのちょうじゃ)の地位に付随して伝領される渡領(わたりりょう)と，各家で相伝される家領(けりょう)からなる。家領には本家(ほんけ)職を有するものと，本所(ほんじょ)として荘務を進退するものとの２種類の所領があり，皇室をはじめ他の家の下級所職は含まれなかった。摂関家に次ぐ上級公家領の中心はは皇室領の領家(りょうけ)職などの下級所職が占め，中・下級の公家領の大部分は摂関家をはじめとする上級公家領の下級所職で構成されていた。また諸司が家職として相伝されていくのに従い，諸司の所領がその家の実質的な所領になった。平安時代後期以降増加する公卿知行国・院宮分国(いんぐうぶんこく)のなかには，鎌倉時代以降特定の家に相伝されて公家領化する国もあった。応仁・文明の乱以降，公家領は急速に知行の実体を伴うものが減少。織田・豊臣政権下で安堵・進献のかたちで公家に知行地が与えられて，以後江戸時代を通しての公家領の原形が作られた。1600年10月徳川家康によって公家領等の録上が命じられ，翌1601年には宮家・公家らに総高約３万石近い知行が充行(あておこな)われた。公家各家の家領の高は，家格・家の新古および幕府との関係などによって決定された。領知充行は清華(せいが)・大臣以上と従一位には判物(はんもつ)，それより以下には朱印状を発給して行われた。

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