Venus - Kinsei (English spelling)

Japanese: 金星 - きんせい(英語表記)Venus
Venus - Kinsei (English spelling)

A planet in the solar system that orbits just inside the orbit of the Earth. It is the second closest to the Sun after Mercury, and is sometimes called an inner planet along with Mercury. The inner planets always appear close to the Sun, and do not shine in the midnight sky like the outer planets from Mars onwards. However, Venus appears quite high in the eastern sky before dawn and in the western sky after dusk, and is very bright, so it has come to be known affectionately as the "Morning Star" and the "Evening Star."

In the West, Venus is known as Venus, the goddess of beauty and love, probably because of its beautiful radiance. In China, it is also known as Taihaku.

Venus' mean distance from the Sun is 0.7233 astronomical units (108.2 million km), its orbital period is 0.6152 years (225 Earth days), its orbital eccentricity is 0.0068, the smallest of any of the major planets, and its distance from the Sun between perihelion and aphelion is only 1.4 million km.

The synodic period with Earth is 584 days, but since five times this number of days is roughly equal to eight Earth years, Venus and Earth's positions are almost the same relative to each other every eight years, and this cycle repeats.

Venus comes closest to Earth when it is between the Sun and Earth, a so-called inferior conjunction, and the distance between them is about 42 million kilometers, making it the closest of all the planets. However, because the eccentricity of Venus' orbit is small, the distance does not change much each time.

It appears to be farthest from the Sun at its greatest elongation, which is about 47 degrees. Venus is an inner planet, so it appears to wax and wane; at inferior conjunction it appears like a new moon, at superior conjunction it appears like a full moon, and at greatest elongation it appears like a crescent moon. Around 35 days before and after inferior conjunction it appears almost like a quincunx, its apparent area is at its greatest, and it appears at its brightest. This is called its greatest luminosity, and it is about -4.7 magnitude, making it easy to see in the daytime sky.

Venus has an equatorial radius of 6052 km, 0.95 times that of Earth, a mass of 0.815 times that of Earth, and an average density of 5.24 times that of water, all of which are slightly smaller than Earth's. Its surface gravity is also 0.91 times that of Earth.

At inferior conjunction, Venus' apparent diameter exceeds one arc minute, but at that time it is close to the Sun and is barely visible. However, even at greatest elongation, it is only about 25 arc seconds, making it as visible as Mars at its closest approach. When viewed through a telescope, it always shines pure white and is very beautiful, but the patterns on its surface are almost invisible. This is because Venus is covered by a dense atmosphere and thick clouds, and its reflectivity is 0.78 (Earth's is 0.4). Since the patterns on its surface cannot be seen, its rotation period was unknown for a long time, but radio observations have revealed that it takes 243 days and that it rotates in the opposite direction to Earth and other planets. The inclination angle of the equator to the orbital plane is small, about 3 degrees. No moons have been discovered for Venus.

Even though Venus is the planet closest to Earth, little is known about its surface. During the era of observations from ground-based telescopes, ultraviolet photographs revealed light and dark patterns in the clouds, and large amounts of carbon dioxide were discovered in the atmosphere. It was only after rocket exploration began in the 1960s that concrete knowledge about the world of Venus was gained. The first space probe to closely observe Venus was the American Mariner 2 probe in 1962, and the Soviet Union also sent probes thereafter, achieving many other results.

According to these results, the atmospheric pressure on the surface of Venus is about 90 atmospheres, and the temperature is as high as 470 degrees Celsius. The main component of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which accounts for about 96%, followed by nitrogen at 0.035%, sulfur dioxide at 0.015%, water vapor at 0.01%, argon at 0.007%, and trace amounts of carbon monoxide, neon, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride have also been detected. There is almost no oxygen. It is strange that there is almost no water on Venus, which is similar in size to Earth, but the leading theory is that this is because the hydrogen evaporated due to the high temperature and was decomposed by the ultraviolet rays of the sun in the upper atmosphere, losing it into space, and the oxygen oxidized the rocks on the surface. The rocks on the surface of Venus photographed by the Soviet probe are thought to be igneous, but their reddish-brown color suggests oxides. The composition of the thick clouds that cover Venus was also unknown for a long time, but it was discovered to be drops of concentrated sulfuric acid.

The elevation of the surface of Venus was measured by radar reflection waves in 1978 by an American probe. The results showed that about 60% of the surface is extremely flat, with a difference of less than 500 meters from the average radius, and only about 5% is more than 2 kilometers higher. However, there is also a high mountain called Maxwell Mountain, which is 13 kilometers high. There are also crater-like topography, and the existence of volcanoes is suspected.

In addition, observations by spacecraft have revealed that Venus has almost no magnetic field, but this is thought to be due to the planet's extremely slow rotation.

[Sadao Murayama]

[References] | Venus probe | Solar system
Venus
This image was taken by the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) from an altitude of about 72,000 km. It shows the sulfur dioxide that is the source of Venus' clouds and the wind speed distribution at the cloud top altitude. Photographed by the Venus Orbiter "Akatsuki" © JAXA ">

Venus

Venus (composite image)
Although it is the planet closest to Earth, it is covered by a dense atmosphere and thick clouds, so it is almost impossible to see the surface. The photo was created using observation data from the planetary probe Magellan, data from Pioneer Venus 1, and images from Venera 13 and 14. The colored image is processed to emphasize the undulations. © NASA/JPL ">

Venus (composite image)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地球の軌道のすぐ内側を運動している太陽系の惑星。水星に次いで太陽に近く、水星とともに内惑星とよばれることもある。内惑星はいつも太陽の近くに見え、火星から外の外惑星のように夜半の空に輝くことはないが、金星は夜明け前の東空や日暮れ後の西空にかなり高く、また、たいへん明るく見えるので、「明の明星(あけのみょうじょう)」「宵の明星(よいのみょうじょう)」とよばれて親しまれてきた。

 西洋では金星を美と愛の女神ビーナスの名でよんできたが、これもその美しい輝きのためであろう。中国では太白(たいはく)ともよんだ。

 金星の太陽からの平均距離は0.7233天文単位(1億0820万キロメートル)、公転周期は0.6152年(地球の日数で225日)である。軌道の離心率は0.0068で大惑星のなかでもっとも小さく、近日点と遠日点での太陽からの距離の差も140万キロメートルにすぎない。

 地球との会合周期は584日であるが、この日数の5倍が地球の8年間にほぼ等しいため、金星と地球との位置関係は8年ごとにほとんど同位置となり、これを繰り返す。

 金星が地球にもっとも接近するのは、金星が太陽と地球の間にきたいわゆる内合のときで、その距離はおよそ4200万キロメートル、すべての惑星のなかでもっとも近くなるが、金星の軌道の離心率が小さいので、その距離は毎回あまり変わらない。

 見かけ上、太陽からもっとも離れるのは、いわゆる最大離角のころで、その角度は最大47度ぐらいになる。また金星は内惑星なので満ち欠けして見え、内合のときには新月状、外合のときには満月状、最大離角のころには半月状に見える。内合の前後35日目ころにはほぼ五日月状に見え、見かけの面積が最大になり、もっとも明るく見える。このときを最大光度とよんでおり、ほぼマイナス4.7等の明るさで、そのころには昼間の空に容易にみいだすことができる。

 金星の赤道半径は6052キロメートルで地球の0.95倍、質量は地球の0.815倍、平均密度は水の5.24倍で、いずれも地球よりわずかに小さいだけである。また表面重力も地球の0.91倍である。

 内合のころの金星の視直径は1分角を超えるが、そのころは太陽に近く、ほとんど見えない。しかし最大離角のころでも25秒角ほどで、大接近のときの火星なみに見える。望遠鏡で見るといつも真っ白に輝き、たいへん美しいが、表面の模様はほとんどわからない。これは、金星が濃い大気と厚い雲とに覆われているためで、反射能は0.78もある(地球は0.4)。表面の模様が見えないため、自転周期も長い間不明であったが、電波観測により、243日、しかも自転の方向は地球などとは反対回りと判明した。赤道の軌道面との傾斜角は小さく3度ほどである。なお金星には衛星は発見されていない。

 金星は地球にもっとも接近する惑星であるのに表面のようすはほとんど不明であった。地上からの望遠鏡観測時代には、紫外線写真で撮影すると雲の濃淡の模様が見られ、大気中に多量の二酸化炭素が発見されていたにすぎない。金星の世界についての具体的な知識が得られたのは、1960年代以降のロケットによる探査が行われるようになってからである。最初に金星に接近観測したのは1962年のアメリカのマリナー2号探査機で、その後ソ連も探査機を送り込むなどして多くの成果をあげた。

 それらの結果によれば、金星表面の大気圧はおよそ90気圧、気温は470℃という大きな値であり、大気の主成分は二酸化炭素で約96%を占め、以下、窒素0.035%、二酸化硫黄(いおう)0.015%、水蒸気0.01%、アルゴン0.007%などのほか、微量の一酸化炭素、ネオン、塩化水素、フッ化水素なども検出されている。酸素はほとんど存在しない。地球とよく似た大きさの金星に水がほとんどないことも不思議であるが、これは、高温のために蒸発し、大気上層で太陽の紫外線により分解されて、水素は宇宙空間に失われ、酸素は表面の岩石を酸化したという説が有力である。ソ連の探査機が撮影した金星表面の岩石は火成岩質のものと考えられているが、赤茶けた色彩は酸化物を暗示している。なお、金星を覆う厚い雲の組成も長い間不明であったが、濃硫酸の滴であることがわかった。

 金星表面の高低については、1978年にアメリカの探査機がレーダー反射波によって測定した。その結果、表面の約60%は平均半径に対して500メートル以下の差しかなくて著しく平坦(へいたん)であり、わずか5%ほどが2キロメートル以上高い地域であることがわかった。しかし、マクスウェル山とよばれる13キロメートルもの高山も存在する。またクレーターらしい地形もあるし、火山の存在も推定されている。

 なお、探査機による観測によっても金星には磁場がほとんど存在しないことが判明したが、これは金星の自転が著しく遅いためと考えられている。

[村山定男]

[参照項目] | 金星探査機 | 太陽系
金星
高度約7万2000kmから紫外線イメージャー(UVI)により撮影された。金星の雲のもととなる二酸化硫黄や雲頂高度での風速分布がわかる。金星探査機「あかつき」により撮影©JAXA">

金星

金星(合成画像)
地球にもっとも接近する惑星であるが、濃い大気と厚い雲とに覆われているため、表面のようすはほとんど見ることができない。写真は、惑星探査機「マゼラン」の観測データを使用し、パイオニア・ビーナス1号のデータとベネラ13・14号の画像をもとに作成されたもの。起伏を強調処理した着色画像である©NASA/JPL">

金星(合成画像)


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