Soldiers who voluntarily participate in combat, not recruited or organized by the government, and who meet the qualifications for war under international law. They can perform hostile acts, and are treated as prisoners of war when captured by the enemy. They can be of any nationality. During the Spanish Civil War, many volunteers from overseas voluntarily participated in the International Brigade, which was on the side of the Popular Front government. However, there are also cases where a country sends volunteers to help one side without taking responsibility for directly intervening in a conflict, such as the Fascist Italian army (about 60,000 people) who joined the Fascist rebel army, the Nazi German army (about 20,000 people), the Soviet army who joined the government army, and the Chinese field army who joined the North Korean army during the Korean War. In the Ethiopian War, a group of black American pilots voluntarily fought on the Ethiopian side, and in the Second Sino-Japanese War, American General C. Chennault led a group of American pilots to join the Chinese Air Force. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
政府が徴募し組織するものではなく,自発的に戦闘に参加する兵で,国際法上の交戦資格を満たしている兵士。敵対行為を行うことができ,敵軍に捕えられたときも捕虜として扱われる。国籍を問わない。スペイン内乱では,人民戦線政府側の「国際旅団」 International Brigadeに多くの義勇兵が海外から自発的に参加し戦った。しかしファシスト反乱軍に参加したファシスト・イタリア軍 (約6万人) ,ナチス・ドイツ軍 (約2万人) ,あるいは政府軍に参加したソ連軍,また朝鮮戦争に際して,北朝鮮軍に参加した中国野戦軍のように直接,国として紛争に介入する責任を取らずに,一方を助けるため,義勇兵として派兵する場合もある。エチオピア戦争では,アメリカ黒人の飛行士の一隊が自発的にエチオピア側に立って戦い,日中戦争では,アメリカの C.シェンノート将軍がアメリカの飛行士の1隊を率いて,中国空軍に参加した。
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