This refers to bleeding from the lining of the uterus that occurs periodically at regular intervals. It is regulated by the interaction of hormones secreted from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain and the ovaries, and is generally considered a physiological phenomenon that indicates a woman's sexual maturity, and is commonly known as menstruation or "period." [Masao Arai] Menstrual cycle and hormonesThe menstrual cycle refers to the number of days from the first day of menstrual bleeding to the day before the next menstrual bleeding starts, not counting from the end of menstrual bleeding. The normal range can be considered to be 25 to 38 days, with the follicular phase, which corresponds to the low temperature phase of basal body temperature, being about 13 to 24 days, and the luteal phase, which corresponds to the high temperature phase, being about 11 to 15 days. The menstrual cycle lasts for 3 to 6 days, and in most cases the bleeding stops naturally within 7 days. The criteria for determining whether menstruation is normal or abnormal are (1) whether the start of menstrual bleeding coincides with the normal menstrual cycle, (2) whether the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding are normal, and (3) whether ovulation preceded the menstruation. Therefore, if the menstruation starts between the 24th and 39th day counting from the first day of the previous menstruation, bleeding occurs between the 10th and 18th day after the previous ovulation, and the bleeding stops naturally within 7 days, the menstruation is normal. However, since the presence or absence of ovulation cannot generally be determined unless basal body temperature is measured, the menstrual cycle and the duration of bleeding can be used as the two targets for judgment. In the case of anovulatory menstruation, the duration of bleeding is often 8 days or more. It is difficult to distinguish between ovulatory and anovulatory in terms of phenomena or appearance, and anovulatory menstruation cannot be considered normal, so the definition of menstruation avoids emphasizing that it is physiological bleeding. In reality, anovulatory menstruation is also referred to as menstruation. Anovulatory menstruation does not interfere with daily life except for causing infertility, and ovulation induction methods are performed if necessary. The ovaries have the function of ovulation, producing one egg roughly once a month, and without this, menstruation would not normally occur. The lining of the uterus also thickens and becomes flexible before menstruation, which is a preparation to facilitate implantation of the fertilized egg (pregnancy), and this is related to the follicular hormone. That is, in the first half of the menstrual cycle, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, which is controlled by the hypothalamus, and when this reaches the ovaries, the follicles in the ovaries develop and secrete follicular hormone. This causes the lining of the uterus to grow, while when the blood concentration of follicular hormone reaches its peak, FSH from the pituitary gland is suppressed, and this in turn promotes the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). When this reaches the ovaries, the follicles mature and leave the ovaries, and after the so-called ovulation occurs, a yellow tissue called the corpus luteum is formed in the ovaries, which begins to secrete luteal hormone. This corresponds to the second half of the menstrual cycle, and progesterone thickens the uterine lining, promotes the development of blood vessels and makes them more flexible, creating conditions that are conducive to conception. However, if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum weakens and stops secreting progesterone, causing the proliferated uterine lining to slough off and cause bleeding. This is menstruation. If a fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining, the corpus luteum becomes a pregnant corpus luteum and continues to secrete progesterone to keep the pregnancy going smoothly. Therefore, if you become pregnant, menstruation stops, and if you have menstruation, it means that you are not pregnant. In addition to pregnancy, there is also no menstruation during the postpartum period or lactation, which is called physiological amenorrhea. In short, menstruation is a sign of changes in the uterine lining caused by ovarian function. [Masao Arai] Start periodThe first menstruation is called menarche or menarche. The age at which it occurs varies depending on factors such as climate, culture, social environment, physique, and nutrition. In Japanese people, the onset of menstruation has gradually become earlier since World War II, and is now around 12 to 13 years of age. When it occurs before the age of 10, especially before the age of 8, it is called premature menstruation, precocious puberty, precocious puberty, or precocious puberty, and is considered abnormal. Conversely, when menarche does not occur by the time a girl reaches the age of 16 to 18, it is also considered abnormal and is called delayed puberty or late menstruation. [Masao Arai] History and characteristicsNormally, bleeding appears gradually and gradually stops, but the amount of bleeding is the most on the second day and gradually decreases. There are individual differences, such as a break in bleeding. Before menstruation, the amount of vaginal discharge increases, and as menstruation approaches, it becomes reddish and finally looks like blood. Menstrual blood is commonly called menstrual blood, and its characteristics are darker red than venous blood, and when it dries it looks brown. Bright red blood is abnormal. It is also fluid and has poor coagulation properties, and does not clot even if left for a long time. This is because after blood clots in the uterus and vagina, the plasminogen that was already present in the blood becomes active plasmin, dissolving fibrin and making the blood fluid. If blood clots are mixed in, it is when the amount is pathologically large. Furthermore, menstrual blood is slightly alkaline and has a certain odor. This odor is due to the decomposition of blood and secretions from the sebaceous glands of the vulva. The amount of blood loss varies greatly from person to person, and is usually around 100cc. [Masao Arai] SymptomsSymptoms associated with menstruation vary from person to person, and even healthy people will experience some symptoms. Symptoms include abdominal distension and heaviness, lower back pain, headache, leg cramps, general fatigue, and breast distension and pain. In rare cases, a rash (menstrual rash) may develop, and the person may become irritable and easily excited, leading to a lack of emotional stability. Some people do not experience any of these symptoms, but if the symptoms are severe, they should be considered abnormal. Symptoms that occur from about 7 to 10 days before menstruation are called premenstrual syndrome. [Masao Arai] DietDuring menstruation, bacteria are more likely to infect and multiply, and mental and physical resistance is weakened, making it easier to fall ill due to overwork or poor lifestyle habits. In particular, people with gonorrhea, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, stomach ulcers, cholelithiasis, skin diseases, rheumatism, epilepsy, and other conditions are more likely to experience a worsening of their condition, so they need to be careful. [Masao Arai] treatmentMenstrual blood always flows, so something to catch it must be placed around the vulva. This is called a menstrual belt, and tampons and napkins are available commercially as sanitary products. There is no need to wash the vagina, and in fact, it should not be done. Bathing is also not recommended, and sexual intercourse is unhygienic. It is fine to clean the body by taking a bath or shower. Mothers should also talk to daughters who are close to their first period, using their own experiences to ensure that they fully understand. Girls of that age are also taught in elementary schools. [Masao Arai] Cycle AdjustmentIf progesterone is taken daily during the latter half of the menstrual cycle, the scheduled menstruation will be delayed, and will occur 2-3 days after the medication is stopped. To bring it forward, it is taken for about 5 days starting from the 5th day of the first half of the menstrual cycle, and anovulatory menstruation will occur 2-3 days after the medication is stopped. This is not necessarily successful for everyone, and overuse can cause abnormalities, so it is advisable to consult a doctor. [Masao Arai] Menstrual abnormalitiesMenstrual abnormalities are a general term for anything that is outside the normal range, including the length of the menstrual cycle and the duration of bleeding, the timing of menarche and menopause, the amount of bleeding, and the severity of accompanying symptoms. The main types are listed below. (1) Amenorrhea This refers to the absence of menstruation in mature women, and can be physiological or pathological. It can be a condition in which a woman has not yet had her first menstruation even after turning 18 (including those who have only had menstrual-like bleeding once or twice before), or a case in which a previous menstrual period has not occurred for more than two months. (2) Oligomenorrhea: A menstrual cycle that is longer than normal, extending from 39 days to less than 8 weeks. (3) Frequent menstruation: This refers to a condition in which the menstrual cycle is shorter than normal and the next menstruation occurs within 24 days. (4) Irregular cycle: When the menstrual cycle varies by more than 8 days each time, this is also an abnormality in the menstrual cycle. (5) Menorrhagia: This is a condition in which the amount of menstrual bleeding is excessive. When the amount of bleeding is excessive each time, it is called menorrhagia. The duration of menstruation also tends to be longer, and it is often seen at the same time as prolonged menstruation (7 days or more) or frequent menstruation. Menorrhagia often contains blood clots, which can cause anemia. (6) Hypomenorrhea This refers to a condition in which the amount of menstrual bleeding is too little. It is often seen together with hypomenorrhea, in which the menstrual period lasts for less than two days, or oligomenorrhea. It may end with only bloody vaginal discharge. (7) Dysmenorrhea This refers to abnormally severe symptoms accompanying menstruation that interfere with daily life. When attention is focused only on the accompanying symptoms, particularly pain in the lower abdomen or lower back, it is called menstrual pain. When symptoms appear 7 to 10 days before menstruation and disappear with the onset of menstruation, it is called premenstrual syndrome. (8) Compensatory menstruation Periodic monthly bleeding from sites other than the uterus, such as nosebleeds, occurs rarely in women who have amenorrhea. When this type of bleeding occurs during menstruation, it is called replacement menstruation. (9) Premature Menopause The disappearance of menstruation is called menopause, but when it occurs abnormally earlier than normal, it is called premature menopause or early menopause. It generally refers to menopause before the age of 40. The pathology is the same as primary amenorrhea. (10) Late menopause: Menopause that occurs after age 56. This is also called delayed menopause. The age of menopause has been somewhat extended over time, and delayed menopause means that ovarian function is increased rather than decreased, so it is not necessarily a pathological condition. [Masao Arai] FolkloreWhen a girl has her first period, it is a common custom for her parents to celebrate with the family by cooking red rice and pounding mochi rice cakes to distribute to neighbors. This is to celebrate the girl's growth into a woman and her potential for marriage, and to receive social recognition. However, childbirth and menstruation have long been considered impure, with the words "blood taboo" and "red impurity." They would not pass under the torii gate of a shrine, pass in front of the kamidana, or go near a well. Not only were they unable to participate in religious ceremonies themselves, but in some cases, if the husband was in charge of the shrine, the menstruating family member would be left in the care of a relative. Fishermen and people who worked in the mountains were sensitive to the blood taboo, and would sometimes take a rest if a member of the family was menstruating, saying that there was no prey to be caught. During this time, women ate separately from the family in the kitchen or dirt floor, or ate food cooked in a separate hearth or pot. On the islands of the Seto Inland Sea and the Izu Islands, there were huts called Tsukigoya, Tabigoya, and Fukyougoya where women lived in seclusion until before World War II. In some cases, these were also called Sangoya (birth huts) (Ubuya). There are various theories as to why menstruation, a law of nature, was viewed as impure. It has been suggested that it was the flip side of the idea that blood is sacred, that it was discrimination based on the male principle, or that it was based on Buddhist teachings. Ethnic differences also seem to be evident. It may have started with the idea that all bleeding was impure, likening the loss of blood, the source of life force, through injury or vomiting blood, which leads to weakness. It is thought that this became linked to social and religious views. [Shoji Inoguchi] Anthropological Perspective of MenstruationThere are many societies around the world that consider menstruation and childbirth to be unclean and therefore dangerous, and therefore restrict the behavior of menstruating women or physically isolate them. The most obvious example of this tendency is the tribes of the New Guinea highlands, where the conflict between men and women is clearly recognized and living spaces are strictly separated. The Mae-Enga people believe that men will become seriously ill if they come into contact with menstrual blood or a menstruating woman, and that if menstrual blood gets into a man's bloodstream, he will die immediately. Menstrual blood is also used in sorcery. Therefore, menstruating women are isolated in menstrual huts and must gather and cook their own food. Furthermore, food during menstruation is limited to what the women grow, and it is said that if they enter a field cultivated by a man, the crops will wither. On the other hand, there are also societies that isolate men, such as the indigenous Yurok of North America, where while the women stay in their menstrual huts, their husbands stay in sauna huts to increase their strength. There are many societies in which some kind of ritual is performed at the time of menarche, and all of these are rites of passage that function to allow the individual and the members of the group to recognize the transition of status from girl to woman of childbearing ability. The reasons why menstruation is considered unclean vary from ethnic group to ethnic group, but from an anthropological point of view, the ambiguity of menstruation is noteworthy. First of all, menstrual blood, like other excrement, cut hair, and nails, has the ambiguity of seeming to belong to the body yet not. In addition, menstruation is also a symbol of the ambiguity of women. In other words, women are "cultural" beings that belong to a certain culture, but at the same time, they are "natural" beings that have natural fertility and fecundity, and this ambiguity is particularly evident in women who give birth or menstruate. The phenomenon of things that have ambiguity or ambiguity between different categories being viewed as impure and taboo, thereby making the differences between categories clear, is universally seen in many cultures, but it is thought that the reason menstruation is considered impure is largely due to its ambiguous nature. [Ueda Noriyuki] [References] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Menstruation and changes in the body ©Shogakukan "> Basal body temperature curve and menstrual cycle Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一定間隔をもって周期的に反復する子宮体内膜からの出血をいう。脳の視床下部や下垂体と卵巣から分泌されるホルモンによって互いに作用しあい調節されておこるもので、一般には女性が性成熟期にあることを示す生理現象とみられ、俗にメンスまたは「生理」ともよばれる。 [新井正夫] 月経周期とホルモン月経周期は、月経出血開始の初日から次回月経出血開始の前日までの日数をいい、月経出血が終わってから数えるのではない。正常範囲は25~38日と考えてよく、基礎体温の低温相に相当する卵胞期がだいたい13~24日、高温相に相当する黄体期はだいたい11~15日を正常とみてよい。また、月経持続日数は3~6日であり、大部分が7日以内に自然止血する。 月経が正常か異常かを判定する基準として、(1)その月経出血の開始が正常の月経周期に一致していたかどうか、(2)月経出血の量と持続日数が正常かどうか、(3)その月経に先行して排卵があったかどうか、以上の3点があげられる。したがって、その月経が前回月経の初日から数えて24~39日目の間に開始しており、前回排卵後10~18日目に出血がみられ、7日以内に自然止血した場合、その月経は正常というわけである。ただし、排卵の有無は基礎体温でも測定していなければ一般にはわからないので、月経周期と出血持続日数の二つを目標に判断してよい。無排卵性月経の場合は、出血持続日数が8日以上になることが多い。なお、現象的あるいは外観的に排卵性と無排卵性を区別することは困難であり、しかも無排卵性月経を正常というわけにもいかないところから、月経の定義では生理的出血であると強調するのを避けている。実際には無排卵性月経も含めて月経とよんでいるわけで、無排卵性の場合は不妊症の原因となるほかは日常生活には支障がなく、必要に応じて排卵誘発法が行われる。 卵巣には排卵作用があり、だいたい毎月1回1個の卵子をつくりだすが、これがないと普通月経はおこらない。また、子宮体内膜は月経前になると肥厚して柔軟になるが、これは受精卵を着床(妊娠)しやすくするための準備であり、これには卵胞ホルモンが関係している。すなわち、月経周期の前半にまず視床下部に支配される下垂体前葉から卵胞刺激ホルモン(FSH)が分泌され、これが卵巣に達すると、卵巣内の卵胞が発育し、卵胞ホルモンを分泌する。これによって子宮体内膜が増殖する一方、卵胞ホルモンの血中濃度がピークに達すると、下垂体からのFSHが抑制され、今度は黄体形成ホルモン(LH)の分泌が促されるようになる。これが卵巣に達すると、卵胞が成熟して卵巣を飛び出し、いわゆる排卵がおこったあとの卵巣内に黄体とよばれる黄色の組織ができ、黄体ホルモンを分泌するようになる。これは月経周期の後半に相当し、黄体ホルモンは子宮体内膜を肥厚させ、血管の発育を促進して柔軟さを加え、妊娠しやすい状態をつくらせる。しかし、受精がおこらない場合は、黄体が衰えて黄体ホルモンを分泌しなくなり、増殖した子宮体内膜が剥離(はくり)して出血をおこす。これが月経である。もしも受精卵が子宮体内膜に着床すると、黄体は妊娠黄体となって、妊娠状態が順調に続くように黄体ホルモンを継続して分泌する。したがって、妊娠すると月経が止まるわけであり、月経があれば妊娠していないことになる。 なお、妊娠のほか、産褥(さんじょく)や授乳期にも月経はみられないが、これを生理的無月経という。要するに月経とは、卵巣機能によっておこる子宮体内膜の変化の一兆候なのである。 [新井正夫] 開始期初めての月経を初経または初潮という。そのおこる年齢は、気候、文化、社会環境、体格、栄養などによって異なる。日本人では第二次世界大戦後だんだん早まり、だいたい12~13歳においてである。10歳未満、とくに8歳以前にみられる場合は、早発月経、早発思春期あるいは思春期早発症、性早熟症などとよばれ、異常とされる。逆に16~18歳になっても初経のみられない場合も異常とされ、思春期遅発症あるいは晩発月経とよばれる。 [新井正夫] 経過と性状普通は出血が徐々に現れ、徐々に止血するが、第2日目の出血量がもっとも多く、しだいに減少する。中休みするなど個人差もある。月経前には帯下(たいげ)(おりもの)が増加し、月経に近づくにつれて赤色を帯び、ついに血液様となる。月経血は俗に経血ともよばれ、その性状は静脈血よりさらに暗赤色を呈し、乾燥すると褐色にみえる。鮮紅色の場合は異常である。また凝固性に乏しく流動性で、長時間放置しても凝固しない。これは、子宮腟(ちつ)内でいったん凝血したのち、血中にあらかじめ存在したプラスミノーゲンが活性型のプラスミンになり、線維素フィブリンを溶解して血液が流動性になったものであり、凝血が混じる場合は病的に多量なときである。さらに経血は弱アルカリ性を示し、一種の臭気がある。このにおいは血液の分解物、外陰部の皮脂腺(せん)分泌物などによる。なお、出血量は個人差が大きく、普通は100cc前後である。 [新井正夫] 症状月経に伴う症状にも個人差があり、健康な人でも多少の症状がみられる。下腹部が張ってきて重苦しいとか、腰痛や頭痛、下肢がひきつる、全身がだるい、乳房が張って痛むなどのほか、まれに発疹(ほっしん)(月経疹)を生じたり、神経過敏で興奮しやすくなり、情緒の安定を欠くこともある。これらをまったく感じない人もあるが、また程度の激しいものは異常とみなければならない。月経前7~10日ごろからおこるものを月経前症候群という。 [新井正夫] 摂生月経時には、細菌が感染して繁殖しやすく、精神的、肉体的にも抵抗力が弱まっていて、過労や不摂生で病気をおこしやすい。とくに淋疾(りんしつ)をはじめ、肺結核や喘息(ぜんそく)のほか、胃潰瘍(かいよう)、胆石症、皮膚病、リウマチ、てんかんなどの人も病状が悪化しやすいので、注意する必要がある。 [新井正夫] 処置経血はつねに流れ出すので、これを受けるものを外陰部にあてがう必要がある。これが月経帯で、生理用品としてタンポンやナプキンが市販されている。腟の洗浄などはする必要がなく、むしろしてはならない。入浴も好ましくなく、性交は衛生的にもよくない。行水やシャワーで体を清潔にするのはよい。なお、初経の近い娘には母親から体験を交えて話し、十分に理解させておく。小学校でも適期の女子を集めて指導している。 [新井正夫] 周期の調整月経周期の後半に黄体ホルモン剤を毎日連用すると予定の月経が延び、服用中止後2~3日で月経がおこる。早める場合は月経周期の前半5日目ころから約5日間連用し、中止後2~3日で無排卵性月経をおこす。これは、だれでも成功するとは限らないばかりか、乱用すると異常をきたすので、医師に相談するのが望ましい。 [新井正夫] 月経異常月経周期や出血持続日数の長さをはじめ、初経と閉経の時期、出血量の多少、随伴症状の激しさなど、正常範囲外にあるものを総称して月経異常とよぶ。おもなものを次に列挙する。 (1)無月経 成熟女性で月経のみられないものをいい、生理的なものと病的なものがある。満18歳を過ぎても初経をみないもの(それまでに1、2回しか月経様出血のなかったものも含む)をはじめ、以前あった月経が2か月以上みられない場合などがある。 (2)希発月経 月経周期が正常よりも長いものをいい、39日以上から8週以内に延長した状態である。 (3)頻発月経 月経周期が正常よりも短いものをいい、24日以内に次の月経がみられる状態である。 (4)不整周期 月経周期が毎回8日以上変動する場合で、やはり月経周期の異常である。 (5)過多月経 月経の出血量が多すぎるもので、月経過剰ともいう。毎回出血量が多すぎる場合は過多月経症とよばれる。月経持続日数も長くなりがちで、7日以上になる過長月経や頻発月経としばしば同時にみられる。なお、過多月経の経血には凝血の混じることが多く、貧血を引き起こすこともある。 (6)過少月経 月経の出血量が少なすぎるものをいい、月経持続日数が2日以内という過短月経や希発月経と同時にみられることが多い。血性帯下だけで終わることもある。 (7)月経困難症 月経随伴症状が日常生活に支障をきたすほど異常に強いものをいう。随伴症状のうち、とくに下腹痛や腰痛など痛みについてのみ注目する場合は月経痛とよぶ。また、月経前7~10日から症状が現れ、月経開始とともに消失する場合は月経前症候群とよんでいる。 (8)代償性月経 鼻出血など子宮以外の部位に周期的な出血が毎月みられるもので、無月経の女性にまれにおこる。このような出血が月経時にみられるものは、補充月経という。 (9)早発閉経 月経が消失することを閉経というが、正常よりその時期が異常に早いものを早発閉経または早期閉経とよぶ。一般に40歳以前の閉経をさす。病態としては原発性無月経と同じものである。 (10)晩発閉経 56歳以後に閉経したもので、遅発閉経ともいう。閉経年齢は時代とともに多少延長しており、晩発閉経は卵巣機能の低下というよりも亢進(こうしん)を意味するわけで、かならずしも病態とはいえない面もある。 [新井正夫] 民俗少女に初経があると、親が赤飯を炊いて家族で祝ったり、餅(もち)を搗(つ)いて近隣に配る風習が広く行われる。少女が一人前の女性に成長し、結婚可能な状態に達したことを祝福し、社会的にも認めてもらうためである。ところが一方、出産や月経は血忌み、赤不浄(あかふじょう)などといって、古来、穢(けがれ)と考えられてきた。神社の鳥居をくぐらず、神棚の前を通ったり井戸に近づくこともしなかった。神事に際しては、本人が参加できないばかりか、夫が神役にあたっていると、月経中の家族を親戚(しんせき)に預ける所もあった。漁師や山仕事をする人たちの間では、血忌みに対して敏感で、家族に月経の者があると獲物(えもの)がないといって休むことがあった。その期間の女性は、台所や土間などで家族と別に食事をしたり、別の竈(かまど)や鍋(なべ)で煮炊きしたものを食べたりした。瀬戸内海の島々や伊豆諸島などには、月小屋、他火(たび)小屋、不浄小屋などといって、その期間の女性が隔離生活を送る小屋が第二次世界大戦前まであった。産小屋(さんごや)(産屋(うぶや))と共通の場合もある。 自然の摂理である月経を、なぜ不浄視したのかについては諸説がある。血液神聖観の裏返しであるとか、男性原理による差別であるとか、仏説に基づくなどが考えられてきた。民族差も認められるようである。生命力の源である血液が、外傷や吐血によって失われて衰弱するのになぞらえて、出血をすべて穢とみたのが始まりではないか。それが社会観や宗教観と結び付いたものと思われる。 [井之口章次] 人類学からみた月経月経や出産を穢(けが)れたもの、不浄なものと考え、それゆえ危険をもたらすものとみなして、月経中の女性の行動に規制を加えたり、物理的に隔離したりする社会は世界中に数多く存在する。その傾向がもっとも顕著な例は、男女の対立が明確に認識され、居住空間も厳密に区別されているニューギニア高地諸部族であって、マエ・エンガ人の場合、男性は月経血や月経中の女性に触れると重い病気になり、月経血が男性の血液中に入るとたちまち死ぬと信じられ、月経血は邪術にも使われる。それゆえ、月経中の女性は月経小屋に隔離され、自分で食物を集め、調理しなければならない。また月経中の食物は女性が栽培するものに限られており、男性の栽培する畑に入ると作物が枯れるといわれている。一方で北アメリカの先住民ユーロクのように、女性が月経小屋にこもる間、夫はサウナ小屋にこもって力の増大を図るといった、男性側の隔離をも伴う社会もある。初経に際してなんらかの儀礼が行われる社会も数多くみいだされ、いずれも少女から妊娠可能な女性への地位の移行を本人と集団の成員に認知させる機能をもつ通過儀礼である。月経がなぜ穢とされるかは各民族により異なっているが、人類学的視点からみた場合、月経のもつ両義性が注目される。 まず月経血は、他の排泄(はいせつ)物、切られた髪、爪(つめ)などと同様、身体に属するようで属さないという両義性をもつ。それに加えて、月経は女性のもつ両義性の象徴でもある。すなわち、女性はある文化に属する「文化的」な存在であると同時に、自然の豊饒(ほうじょう)性、多産性をもった「自然的」な存在でもあって、出産あるいは月経中の女性においてその両義性がとくに顕著に現れることになる。異なるカテゴリーの間で両義性・あいまい性をもつものが不浄視されタブーとされることでカテゴリー間の差異が明白にされる、という現象は、多くの文化で普遍的にみられるが、月経が穢とされるのも、月経のもつ両義的な性格によるところが大きいと考えられる。 [上田紀行] [参照項目] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 月経と体内の変化 ©Shogakukan"> 基礎体温曲線と月経周期 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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