Cavitation - Cavitation (English spelling)

Japanese: キャビテーション - きゃびてーしょん(英語表記)cavitation
Cavitation - Cavitation (English spelling)

This is also called cavitation. In an incompressible fluid, p + ρ v 2 /2 = constant along the streamline (Bernoulli's principle)
Here, p is pressure, ρ is fluid density, and v is flow velocity. Consider a pipe with a changing cross-sectional area σ,
Since σ v = constant, constricting the tube, i.e. decreasing σ, increases the flow rate, and the pressure p decreases according to Bernoulli's theorem. When the pressure decreases and becomes lower than the vapor pressure of the fluid, the fluid evaporates and bubbles are generated. This phenomenon of bubbles being generated in a tube of fluid is called cavitation. Countless bubbles are generated downstream from the narrow part of the tube where the bubbles are generated, and are carried away. As the tube becomes wider, the pressure increases and the bubbles collapse, but at that time, explosive pressure is generated, vibrating the tube, generating noise, and sometimes damaging the tube. Cavitation often occurs in tubes that draw high-temperature water from a boiler, resulting in accidents. Conversely to the flow in a tube, cavitation can also occur when an object moves through a fluid. In pumps, propellers, and airplane wings, pressure drops in the parts where the flow rate of the fluid flowing along the object increases, generating bubbles. Cavitation that occurs in the wings of a hydrofoil generates explosive forces that are strong enough to deform or break the wings. To avoid this, the design is such that the cavity occurs at the trailing end of the wing.

[Ryo Ikeuchi]

[Reference] | Bernoulli's principle

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

空洞現象ともいう。非圧縮性流体では、流線に沿って
  p+ρv2/2=一定 (ベルヌーイの定理)
が成り立つ。ここに、pは圧力、ρは流体の密度、vは流速である。断面積σが変化している管を考えると、
  σv=一定
であるから、管を絞る、つまりσを小さくすると流速は大きくなり、ベルヌーイの定理により圧力pは小さくなる。圧力が下がって流体の蒸気圧以下になると、流体は蒸発し気泡が発生する。このように流体の管中に気泡が発生する現象をキャビテーションとよぶ。気泡の発生する管の細い部分から下流側では、無数の気泡が発生し流されていく。管が太くなっていくにつれ、圧力は上昇して気泡がつぶれるが、そのとき爆発的な圧力が生じて、管を振動させ騒音がおこり、ときには管を損傷させる。ボイラーから高温の水を引き出す管の中にキャビテーションがおこって事故になることが多い。管の中の流れとは逆に、流体中を物体が動くときにもキャビテーションはおこる。ポンプやプロペラ、飛行機の翼などでは、物体に沿って流れる流体の流速が速くなる部分で圧力降下がおこり、気泡が発生する。水中翼船の翼におこるキャビテーションでは、翼を変形させたり折ったりするくらいの爆発的な力が発生する。これを避けるために、空洞の発生が翼の後端になるような設計がくふうされている。

[池内 了]

[参照項目] | ベルヌーイの定理

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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