Jilin

It is a prefecture-level city on the Second Songhua River in the central-eastern part of Jilin Province, China. Its other name, Jilin Ula, means "along the river" in Mongolian. Its former name, Shipwreck, comes from the shipyard where the Qing Dynasty built 44 warships in 1658 to counter Russian invasion. It has a population of 4,308,000 (2012). It has jurisdiction over four city districts and Yongji County, and acts as the jurisdiction for the four county-level cities of Shulan, Jiaohe, Huadian, and Panshi (as of 2016). The city is crossed by the Changtu Line (Changchun-Tumen), Jishu Line (Jilin-Shulan), Shenyang-Jilin, and Longfeng Line (Longtanshan-Dafengman) railways, and there is also river transportation which began with the upstream journey of a Russian steamship in 1895. Among the many administrative, economic, and educational institutions is the Electric Power College, which is involved with the Fengman Power Plant in the south.

There are three major chemical plants that use nearby coal, oil shale, wood, etc. to produce chemical fertilizers, dyes, and carbide, as well as industries such as plastics, vinylon, rubber, steel, metallurgy, machinery, paper, ceramics, and glass. There are also traditional industries that process crops from the surrounding rural areas, such as flour, soybean oil, sugar beet, sake brewing, spinning and weaving, and hemp manufacturing, and the carrots, antlers, and marten skin, known as the Kanto Three Treasures, are particularly famous.

Famous scenic places and historical sites include Mount Ryutan, which contains the remains of prehistoric dwellings and Ryuhoji Temple, known for its rain-making rituals, the ruins of Dangoyama Old Castle, Jiangnan Park, Kitayama Park, which offers excellent views of the city and is home to Daunden Hall and Kokantei Pavilion, and the Ashen Hata Cliff Carvings, where the Ming Dynasty general Liu Qing carved his own military march records.

[Tatsuro Asai, Editorial Department, July 19, 2017]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、吉林省中東部の第二松花江(しょうかこう)沿岸にある地級市。別称の吉林烏拉(チーリンウラ)はモンゴル語の「沿江」の意。旧称の船廠(せんしょう)はロシアの侵略に対して1658年清(しん)朝が戦船44隻を建造した造船所に由来する。人口430万8000（2012）。4市轄区と永吉(えいきつ)県を管轄し、舒蘭(じょらん)、蛟河(こうが)、樺甸(かでん)、磐石(ばんせき)の4県級市の管轄代行を行う（2016年時点）。長図線（長春(ちょうしゅん)―図們(ともん)）、吉舒線（吉林―舒蘭）、瀋吉線（瀋陽(しんよう)―吉林）、竜豊線（竜潭山(りゅうたんざん)―大豊満(だいほうまん)）の各鉄道が交差し、1895年のロシア汽船遡上(そじょう)に始まる河川交通もある。多くの行政、経済、教育機関のなかには、南方の豊満発電所にかかわる電力学院がある。

　近郊の石炭、油母頁岩(ゆぼけつがん)、木材などを用いた化学肥料、染料、カーバイドの三大化学工場やプラスチック、ビニロン、ゴム、鉄鋼、冶金、機械、製紙、陶磁器、ガラスなどの工業が盛んである。また周辺農村の作物を加工する穀粉、大豆油、テンサイ糖、酒造、紡織、製麻工業などの在来工業もあり、とくに関東三宝と称されるニンジン、鹿茸(ろくじょう)、貂皮(ちょうひ)は有名。

　名勝・旧跡には、先史住居跡や雨乞(あまご)いで知られる竜鳳寺(りゅうほうじ)のある竜潭山、団子山古城跡、江南公園、市街の眺望がよく朶雲殿(だうんでん)や肱観亭(こうかんてい)のある北山公園、明(みん)の将軍劉清(りゅうせい)が自らの行軍記録を刻んだアシェンハタ磨崖(まがい)などがある。

［浅井辰郎・編集部　2017年7月19日］

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