Synthetic sake - Goseiseishu

Japanese: 合成清酒 - ごうせいせいしゅ
Synthetic sake - Goseiseishu

Sake with a similar aroma, flavor, color, and texture to seishu. It is also called synthetic sake or new seishu. It was created by Suzuki Umetaro, the discoverer of vitamin B1 , and began by mixing and harmonizing the aroma and flavor components of seishu to create a sake similar to seishu without using rice. Attempts to produce mixed sake using imported alcohol had already been made in the early Meiji period, but production was halted due to an increase in taxes on mixed sake in the revision of the Liquor Tax Law in 1901 (Meiji 34). There had been considerable research done towards the end of the Meiji period, but with the rice riots of 1918 (Taisho 7), Suzuki and others began full-scale research, concerned about the consumption of rice, a staple food, to make sake. In 1921, they obtained a patent for a method to produce a substitute drink for sake. As this research and production were carried out at the Riken Institute, the name of the sake was called "Rikenshu" or "synthetic sake," but with the revision of the Liquor Tax Law in 1940 (Showa 15), it became "synthetic seishu."

First, the discovery that adding alanine to sugar liquid and fermenting it produces a sake-like aroma was the starting point for the invention of a new synthetic sake, and a manufacturing method was invented to obtain succinic acid, an important flavor component, at low cost, which dramatically improved the quality of sake. In 1936, the RIKEN decentralized the patent, and sake began to be produced all over the country. After World War II, sake production decreased due to a rice shortage, but synthetic sake production grew significantly instead. In 1951 (Showa 26), it became possible to use a portion of rice (only 5%) in synthetic sake, and the quality improved due to advances in distillation methods and research into blending methods, and for the 10 years up to 1987, the production volume reached around 140,000 kiloliters per year. However, since the economic recovery, the consumption of synthetic sake has dropped sharply due to the negative image of the name, its strong acidity, and lack of complexity in aroma and flavor, and despite the invention of the new name "Shinseishu," the consumption has been around 20,000 kiloliters since 1975. Subsequently, due to improvements in quality, consumption began to increase around 1990, exceeding 50,000 kiloliters in 1995.

[Yuichi Akiyama]

Manufacturing method

The basic method for making synthetic sake was to mix alcohol with glucose, starch syrup, amino acids, acids such as succinic acid and lactic acid, and inorganic salts such as salt (pure synthesis method). However, later, the quality was improved by introducing fermentation methods, using the flavor of fresh sake lees, using the decomposition of proteins, and using white rice. In the protein-using method, refined defatted soy flour (commonly known as KCP) is decomposed with enzymes, and sugar and acids are added, and the fermented product is added at about 10-30%. After it became possible to use rice, a flavoring liquid made in exactly the same way as sake brewing was added to about 8% of the synthetic sake (equivalent to 5% white rice) for flavoring. Therefore, synthetic sake made using the original pure synthesis method (without using rice) no longer exists at all, and it is now common to use a production method that uses rice within a certain limit. However, under taxation law, sanzoshu (a type of sake made entirely from rice with the main ingredient of synthetic sake added) which contains a high proportion of rice alcohol, and synthetic sake which contains a low proportion of rice alcohol, are clearly distinguished as two different types of sake.

[Yuichi Akiyama]

[Reference] | Succinic acid | Mixed alcohol | Umetaro Suzuki | RIKEN

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

香味、色沢などが清酒に類似した酒。合成酒、新清酒ともいう。ビタミンB1の発見者、鈴木梅太郎により創製されたもので、米を使用せず、清酒中の香味成分を混合、調和して、清酒類似の酒をつくったのが始まりである。すでに明治初期には、輸入アルコールによる混成酒製造の試みがあったが、1901年(明治34)の酒税法の改正で混成酒への増税が行われたため、その製造は中断された。明治末期ごろには研究はかなり行われていたが、18年(大正7)の米騒動を契機に、主食である米を酒造りに消費することを憂えて、鈴木らにより本格的な研究が始まった。21年には清酒代用飲料製造法の特許を得た。この研究と製造が理化学研究所で行われたため、酒の名も「理研酒」あるいは「合成酒」とよばれていたが、40年(昭和15)の酒税法の改正により「合成清酒」となった。

 まず、アラニンなどを糖液に加えて発酵させると清酒様(よう)香気を生じるという発見が、新しい合成酒発明の糸口となり、重要な呈味成分であるコハク酸を安価に得られる製法が発明されて、酒質は飛躍的に良好となった。1936年には理化学研究所がこの特許の分権を行ったため、全国各地で製造が行われるようになった。第二次世界大戦後、米不足から清酒の製造は減少したが、これにかわって合成清酒は大きく伸びた。51年(昭和26)合成清酒に米を一部(5%だけ)使用できるようになり、また蒸留法の進歩、調合法の研究によって品質は向上し、62年までの10年間、製造量は毎年約14万キロリットル前後に達した。しかし経済の好転以来、合成清酒は名称からくるイメージの悪さ、酸味の強さ、香味の複雑さに欠けることなどから消費量が急激に減少し、「新清酒」という新名称の考案にかかわらず、75年以降は2万キロリットル程度となった。その後、品質の向上もあって90年(平成2)ごろから消費量が増加し、95年には5万キロリットルを超えている。

[秋山裕一]

製造法

合成清酒の基本的な作り方は、アルコールにブドウ糖、水飴(みずあめ)、アミノ酸類、コハク酸、乳酸などの酸類、食塩などの無機塩類などを調合して製造する方法であった(純合成法)。しかしその後、発酵法の導入、新鮮な酒粕(さけかす)の風味の利用、タンパク質の分解利用、白米の利用などにより品質向上が図られた。タンパク質利用法では、精製脱脂大豆粉(KCPと通称)を酵素剤で分解し、糖、酸類を加えて、発酵させたものを10~30%程度加える。米の利用が可能となってからは、清酒醸造とまったく同じ方法でつくった香味液を、合成清酒の量の約8%程度(白米として5%相当)加えて調味する。したがって、当初用いられていた純合成法(米を使わない)による合成清酒はいまではまったくなく、米を一定限度内で使う製造法によるものが一般的である。しかし、米の酒の割合が多い清酒の三増(さんぞう)酒(米ばかりの酒に合成酒の主成分を加えた酒)と、米の酒の割合が少ない合成酒とでは税法上別種の酒として明らかに区別されている。

[秋山裕一]

[参照項目] | コハク酸 | 混成酒 | 鈴木梅太郎 | 理化学研究所

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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