Flag - Kichi

A general term for land provided to the bannermen, the ruling class of China's Qing dynasty, for the purpose of guaranteeing their livelihood. Broadly speaking, there are those from before 1644, i.e. before the rule of mainland China, and those from after. The former were established around the Liaodong Peninsula, centered around Shenyang, when Emperor Taizu Nurhaci advanced into the Liaodong Peninsula in the Battle of Sarhu, and were provided to the bannermen based on the number of young men they owned. The farmers were Han Chinese who had been living in Liaodong for a long time, and they constituted a kind of manor. The latter was established in mainland China, and a representative example was the provincial banner district, which was established around Beijing, where most of the bannermen lived. The provincial banner districts forcibly confiscated the land of the Ming dynasty aristocrats and ministers, and also took away the cultivated land of ordinary people and provided it to the bannermen, thus ensuring the economic stability of the ruling class. Due to the forced expropriation of land, people willingly donated their own land to the Manchus in a practice known as "belt land rationing," and land ownership in this area remained extremely complicated even up until the time of the Republic of China. Garrison flagships were given to bannermen stationed in various places, and are scattered throughout China. There is also the Shengjing flagship, which was established for the purpose of developing Liaodong, the home base of the Manchus. The original purpose of the flagships was to establish a self-sufficient economy for the bannermen, but they collapsed as they could not cope with the increasing population and commodity economy, eventually causing the bannermen's downfall.

[Yoshio Hosoya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)朝の支配者層である旗人の生活を保障する目的で支給した土地の総称。大別すると、1644年以前、すなわち中国本土支配以前のものと、以後のものがある。前者は、太祖ヌルハチがサルフの戦いで遼東(りょうとう／リヤオトン)半島に進出すると、瀋陽(しんよう／シェンヤン)を中心に遼東半島一帯に設置され、旗人の所有する壮丁の数を単位に支給された。その耕作者は以前から遼東に住んでいた漢人で、一種の荘園(しょうえん)を構成していた。後者は、中国内地に設けられ、とくに旗人のほとんどが居住した北京(ペキン)を中心として設けられた畿輔(きほ)旗地が代表的である。畿輔旗地は、ここにあった明(みん)朝の貴族、大臣などの土地を強制徴収し、さらに一般の民人の耕作地を取り上げて旗人に支給し、支配者層の経済的安定を図ったものである。この土地の徴収強行のため、民人は進んで自分の土地を満州人に献上する「帯地投充」も行われ、この一帯の土地所有関係は中華民国に至るまで複雑をきわめている。駐防旗地は各地に駐屯した旗人に与えられた旗地で、中国全土に散在する。また、満州人の本拠地である遼東の開発を目的とした盛京旗地もある。旗地は本来、旗人の自給自足的経済の確立を目的としたが、旗人の人口増加、商品経済に対応しきれずに崩壊し、やがて旗人の没落を引き起こした。

［細谷良夫］

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