Diseases that occur or worsen with the change of seasons, or diseases that occur frequently or are epidemic during certain seasons, are treated as seasonal diseases. Traditionally, typical seasonal diseases were respiratory diseases such as colds, pneumonia, and bronchitis in winter, and digestive infections such as typhoid and dysentery in summer, but with changes such as improvements in living environments and sanitary conditions, there are fewer diseases in Japan that peak in the summer, and many diseases are becoming more noticeable in the winter. In addition to the respiratory diseases mentioned above, these include stroke and myocardial infarction. In relation to the causes of seasonal illnesses, the first thing to be mentioned is the fact that various functions of the body exhibit seasonal fluctuations. Of the seasonal changes in the natural environment, the most important is the change in temperature, and the body's corresponding reaction to this, that is, thermoregulation and the various functions of the body related to it, is an issue. For example, blood pressure tends to rise during the cold winter months, and it is thought that such factors induce cardiovascular diseases. Many infectious diseases also show seasonality in their prevalence, but in these cases, in addition to the seasonal influence on the living body, the seasonal effects on the pathogen (temperature, humidity, etc.) and the seasonal influence on the route of infection must be taken into account, as in the case of the Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito, which transmits Japanese encephalitis, and pharyngoconjunctival fever, which spreads in swimming pools. [Masao Kaji] "Terawaki Tamotsu (ed.), Pediatrics, Vol. 11, No. 3, "Meteorological and Seasonal Diseases" (1978, Igaku-Shoin) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
季節の移り変わりに際して発病したり、症状が悪化する病気、また一定の季節に多発ないし流行をおこす病気が、季節病として取り扱われる。従来から冬のかぜ、肺炎、気管支炎などの呼吸器病、夏の腸チフスや赤痢などの消化器感染症などが代表的な季節病とされていたが、生活環境や衛生状態の改善などの変化に伴い、わが国では夏に発生のピークを示す病気は少なくなり、多くの病気が冬に目だつようになってきている。前述の呼吸器疾患のほか、脳卒中や心筋梗塞(こうそく)などである。 季節病の成因に関連して、まず生体の諸機能が季節的な変動を示す事実があげられる。自然環境としての季節変化のなかで、もっとも重視されているのは気温の変化であり、それに対応する生体の反応、すなわち体温調節とそれに関連する生体の諸機能が問題となる。たとえば、冬の寒い時期には血圧は上昇の傾向を示すが、このような因子が心血管系の病気を誘発すると考えられる。 多くの感染症でも流行に季節性が認められるが、この場合は生体への季節的影響のほかに、病原体に及ぼす季節の効果(気温や湿度など)や、感染経路に対しても日本脳炎を媒介するコガタアカイエカとか、水泳プールで広がる咽頭(いんとう)結膜熱などの場合のように、季節からの影響を考慮しなければならない。 [加地正郎] 『寺脇保編『小児医学』11巻3号「気象病と季節病」(1978・医学書院)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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