Approximate value - Kinjichi

Japanese: 近似値 - きんじち
Approximate value - Kinjichi

A value close to the true value, obtained by measurement or approximate calculation. For example, the speed of sound in air at 15°C is approximately 340 meters per second, the fraction 1/3 is approximately 0.33, and the value of pi is approximately 3.14.

Difference between approximate value and true value (approximate value) - (true value)
is called the error. When the approximate value is larger than the true value, the error is a positive number, and when the approximate value is smaller than the true value, the error is negative. The closer the approximate value is to the true value, the smaller the absolute value of the error is. Also, when considering the error, the ratio to the true value can be important. In such cases,
(absolute value of error) ÷ (true value)
is sometimes called a relative error. This is what is meant when we say that the error is 3%. In this case, it is okay to substitute an approximate value for the divisor. The absolute value of the error is called the absolute error. In some cases, the true value may not be known. In such cases, even if an approximate value is set, the error will not be known, so a value that the absolute value of the error will never exceed is determined. This is called the error limit. Usually, it is set to a value that is as small and simple as possible. For example, when the approximate value of pi is 3.14, the error limit is 0.002. When a value obtained by measurement, for example, is a length of 230m, if it can be trusted to the meter, then 2, 3, and 0 are significant numbers, and if it can be trusted to the 10m digit, then 2 and 3 are significant, but 0 only represents the number of digits. Significant numbers are called significant figures. In order to determine which digits are significant, the number is expressed as a single decimal place and a product of a power of ten, such as 2.30×10 2 or 2.3×10 2 .

[Tatsuro Miwa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

真の値に近い値をいい、測定や近似計算によって得られる。たとえば15℃の空気中の音の速さの近似値は毎秒340メートル、分数1/3の近似値は0.33、円周率の近似値は3.14などである。

 近似値と真の値の差
  (近似値)-(真の値)
を誤差という。近似値が真の値より大きいときは、誤差は正の数となり、近似値が真の値より小さいときは、誤差が負となる。近似値が真の値により近いということは、誤差の絶対値がより小さいということである。また、誤差を考える際に真の値との割合が重要になる場合がある。そのとき、
  (誤差の絶対値)÷(真の値)
を相対誤差ということがある。誤差3%といったりするのはこの意味である。この場合、割る数を近似値で代用しても差し支えない。誤差の絶対値を絶対誤差という。場合によっては、真の値がわからないことがある。そのようなときは、近似値を定めても、誤差はわからないことになるので、誤差の絶対値がけっして超えない値を決める。これを誤差の限界という。普通、なるべく小さく、しかも簡単な値にする。たとえば、円周率の近似値を3.14とするときの誤差の限界は0.002である。測定などで得られた値を、たとえば、長さ230mとするとき、メートルの位まで信頼できるのであれば、2、3、0は有意義な数字であり、もし10mの位まで信頼できるのであれば、2、3は有意義であるが、0は桁数(けたすう)を表すにすぎない。有意義な数を有効数字という。有効数字がどれかがわかるようにするため、2.30×102, 2.3×102のように、整数部分が1桁の小数と、10の累乗の積の形に表す方法が用いられる。

[三輪辰郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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