Information released from the genes of an organism and determines its genetic traits. The information source is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that makes up chromosomes. Some viruses, such as the tobacco mosaic virus, use ribonucleic acid (RNA) instead of DNA as the information source. The genetic information in chromosomes is doubled by semi-conservative replication of DNA molecules during cell division, and the same information is passed from cell to cell and from parent to child. Genetic information is expressed in units of genes. In the process of genetic information expression, the sequence of nucleotides, which are the unit structure of genetic DNA, becomes the genetic code and is transcribed into messenger RNA with a complementary structure. The messenger RNA that has copied the genetic code leaves the nucleus and attaches to small particles called ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein. The protein synthesized in this way has an enzymatic action and expresses genetic traits. When the nucleotide sequence of the genetic DNA of an organism is changed by a mutagen or other factor, the genetic information of the gene changes and the organism becomes a mutant. [Tatsuo Ishikawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物のもつ遺伝子から出され、遺伝形質を決定する情報。情報源は染色体をつくるDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)である。タバコモザイクウイルスなど、ある種のウイルスではDNAのかわりにリボ核酸(RNA)が情報源となる。染色体にある遺伝情報は細胞分裂のときDNA分子の半保存的複製により倍化され、細胞から細胞へ、また親から子へ同じ情報が伝えられる。遺伝情報は遺伝子を単位として発現される。遺伝情報発現の過程では、遺伝子DNAの単位構造であるヌクレオチドの配列が遺伝暗号となり、相補的な構造をもつ伝令RNAに転写される。遺伝暗号を写しとった伝令RNAは核の外へ出て細胞質中のリボゾームとよばれる小粒に付着し、そこでタンパク質のアミノ酸配列に翻訳される。このようにして合成されたタンパク質は酵素作用をもち遺伝形質を発現させる。ある生物の遺伝子DNAのヌクレオチド配列が変異原などにより変化すると、遺伝子のもつ遺伝情報が変化し、その生物は突然変異体となる。 [石川辰夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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