British anatomist and physical anthropologist. Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. He studied at the University of Aberdeen, University College London, and the University of Leipzig in Germany, receiving doctorates in medicine, physics, and law. During that time, he served as a military surgeon in Thailand from 1889 to 1892, where he developed an interest in comparative primate anatomy. He was professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, the Royal Institution, and the University of Aberdeen. He served as president of the Royal Anthropological Society from 1912 to 1914. In addition to his research on embryology and ethology, he also conducted research on human evolution, mainly based on human fossils from Europe and Africa. In particular, he revealed that the human bones (archaic human stage) found in the Mount Carmel caves in Israel were different from European archaic humans, which marked the beginning of research on archaic humans in Western Asia. He took a negative stance toward the Australopithecus excavated in Taung, South Africa in 1924. He wrote many books on anatomy, ethology, and human evolution, including "The Embryology and Morphology of Man." His wide-ranging research has made him one of the pioneers of modern physical anthropology. [Kazuo Hanihara, November 19, 2018] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの解剖学、自然人類学者。スコットランド、アバディーンに生まれる。アバディーン大学、ロンドンのユニバーシティ・カレッジ、ドイツのライプツィヒ大学に学び、医学、理学ならびに法学の博士号を受けた。その間1889~1892年に軍医としてタイに赴き、霊長類の比較解剖学への興味が芽生えた。王立外科大学、王立研究所、アバディーン大学の教授を歴任。1912~1914年、王立人類学会会長を務めた。発生学、人種学などの研究とともに、主としてヨーロッパ、アフリカの人類化石に基づいて人類進化の研究を行った。とくに、イスラエルのカルメル山洞窟(どうくつ)人骨(旧人段階)がヨーロッパの旧人と異なることを明らかにし、西アジアにおける旧人研究の端緒を開いた。1924年に南アフリカ、タウングで出土したアウストラロピテクスについては否定的態度をとった。『人類の発生学および形態学』をはじめ、解剖学、人種学、人類進化学に関する多くの著書を残した。その幅広い研究により、近代自然人類学の先駆者の一人といわれる。 [埴原和郎 2018年11月19日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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