Atopic dermatitis

Japanese: アトピー性皮膚炎
Atopic dermatitis
What kind of disease is it?

●Main symptoms and course This is a disease caused by genetic factors, which results in chronic eczema. Because it is accompanied by itching, it is not uncommon for people to scratch the skin, worsening the symptoms. It can also occur together with other allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis.
Symptoms of atopic dermatitis vary slightly depending on age. Infants and toddlers develop small bumps (papules) on the face, such as the chin and cheeks. These papules may ooze. Yellowish-white dandruff-like scabs (eschars) may also develop on the head. Most cases will heal naturally during infancy, but some progress into childhood.
In childhood, the skin on the backs of the elbows and knees, hands, and feet becomes rough (lichenified), and the earlobes become cracked. The skin is characterized by dryness. Most cases heal naturally, but some progress to the adult type during adolescence and adulthood. The face, neck, and chest become red or dark red.
The factors that predispose to atopic dermatitis are genetic and cannot be eliminated. Symptoms also get better and worse repeatedly, so in the case of adult-type cases, the goal of treatment is to suppress the symptoms.

●The cause of the disease and how symptoms develop Although the exact cause of the disease is unknown, it is believed that people with a genetic predisposition to allergies develop skin allergies when exposed to external stimuli such as dust and mites in the home, sweat, dandruff, and dead skin. In addition, a weak skin barrier function and dry skin are also contributing factors.
The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, contains lipids called ceramides. It has been discovered that people who suffer from atopic dermatitis have reduced levels of these ceramides. On the other hand, some believe that the symptoms are caused by food allergies. However, there is also a view that food allergies and atopic dermatitis are separate entities, and no conclusion has been reached. It has also been pointed out that psychological stress worsens the symptoms.

●Characteristics of the disease There are approximately 400,000 patients. There is almost no difference between men and women. Most patients are in childhood, and the number of patients decreases as they get older.


EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] Removes house dust and mites [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Its effectiveness has been confirmed through highly reliable clinical studies. However, the effect does not seem to be very large. (1)

[Treatment and care] Keep skin clean and use moisturizers [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Several clinical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of keeping the skin clean by washing the face and bathing, and preventing dryness by using skin moisturizers. (2)(3)

[Treatment and care] Limit the use of soap when bathing (only use soap that does not dry out the skin)
[Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] Although its effectiveness has not been confirmed through clinical research, it is supported by expert opinion and experience.

[Treatment and care] Do not hit the area around the eyes to relieve itching [Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] There are no clinical studies on the dangers of hitting the area around the eyes, but as it can lead to worsening symptoms and even retinal detachment or cataracts, it is probably best to avoid this behavior.

[Treatment and care] Suppress dermatitis with topical corticosteroids [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Highly reliable clinical studies have confirmed that applying corticosteroids to the skin can suppress skin inflammation. (4)

[Treatment and care] After the dermatitis has subsided, use a moisturizer to maintain the skin's barrier function. [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Highly reliable clinical studies have confirmed that using moisturizers can reduce symptoms, enhance the effectiveness of corticosteroids, and allow for a reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids. (2)-(5)

[Treatment and care] If corticosteroids are not effective enough, topical immunosuppressants are used. [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Highly reliable clinical studies have confirmed that topical immunosuppressants are relatively safe and effective. However, there has been no comparison of their merits with corticosteroids, and it is not yet known which is more effective. (6)(7)


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

Topical corticosteroids [Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Topical steroids are ranked from weak to strongest according to the level of effectiveness. Since the effectiveness of topical steroids generally goes hand in hand with the likelihood of localized side effects, it is important to select an appropriate medication according to the severity of the individual skin rash without choosing a topical steroid that is stronger than necessary. (8)
The choice of dosage form (ointment, cream, lotion, tape, etc.) will be based on the characteristics and location of the lesion.
In principle, medium-class or smaller topical steroid medications are used on the face and neck, taking into consideration the high drug absorption rate.


Moisturizer [Drug name] Potassium glycerin solution (potassium glycerin solution) (10)(11)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Urepearl/Keratinamin Kowa (urea) (10)-(13)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Although urea has a stronger moisturizing effect than potassium glycerin solution, highly reliable clinical research has shown that it has a slightly stronger skin irritation effect.

[Drug name] Hirudoid (heparinoid)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] There is reliable clinical research showing that applying it topically twice a day suppresses the recurrence of inflammation. (14)

Topical immunosuppressant [drug name] Protopic (tacrolimus hydrate) (6)(7)(9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] The therapeutic effects of tacrolimus hydrate have been confirmed by highly reliable clinical studies. However, when compared with corticosteroids, it is not clear which is more effective. However, there is a clinical study that shows that the effectiveness of this drug (adult 0.1%) on the trunk and limbs is almost the same as that of strong class topical steroids.


Overall, the most reliable treatment at present <br /> The basic treatment has three pillars First, as a form of care that the patient can do themselves, there is the removal of house dust and mites, which are thought to be the cause. This should be done to the extent possible.
Basic treatments include moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, and treatment of secondary infections with antibiotics.

Enhancing the skin's barrier function with moisturizers Patients with atopic dermatitis tend to have dry skin, which is one of the causes of various symptoms.
In order to enhance the skin's barrier function as much as possible and maintain moisture, limit the use of soap when bathing. If soap is used, it is recommended to use a type that does not dry out the skin (such as Neutrogena). When the skin is particularly dry due to the season, climate, or external environmental factors such as air conditioning, moisturizers such as Urepearl/Keratinamin Kowa (urea) or potassium glycerin solution (potassium glycerin solution) can be used to moisturize the skin.

Use the right type and the right amount of topical corticosteroids. Topical corticosteroids are divided into five levels of strength: weak, medium, strong, very strong, and strongest. Be careful not to use the strongest ones on your face.
When using topical corticosteroids, if the wrong type or amount is used, they may not be effective or you may suffer from side effects. Perhaps because of the risks, some people take the extreme view that they should never be used, but this is incorrect.
Topical corticosteroids can be very effective when used in the right doses and with the right type. To get the most out of them, you need to follow your dermatologist's instructions.

Antibiotics in case of skin infections: Atopic dermatitis is prone to skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics should be used early to treat infections and prevent them from progressing.

(1)Tollefson MM, Bruckner AL, Section On Dermatology. Atopic dermatitis: skin-directed management. Pediatrics. 2014; 134:e1735.
(2)Langan SM, Williams HC. What causes worsening of eczema? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2006; 155:504.
(3)Langan SM, Bourke JF, Silcocks P, Williams HC. An exploratory prospective observational study of environmental factors exacerbating atopic eczema in children. Br J Dermatol. 2006; 154:979.
(4)Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014; 71:116.
(5)Lucky AW, Leach AD, Laskarzewski P, et al. Use of an emollient as a steroid-sparing agent in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children. PediatrDermatol. 1997;14:321-324.
(6)Ashcroft DM, Dimmock P, Garside R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2005; 330:516.
(7)Rikkers SM, Holland GN, Drayton GE, et al. Topical tacrolimus treatment of atopic eyelid disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003; 135:297.
(8)Masutaka Furue et al. Guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (Guidelines of the Japanese Dermatological Association). Journal of the Japanese Dermatological Association. 119(8), 1515-1534, 2009.
(9) FK506 Ointment Research Group. Phase III comparative study of FK506 ointment - A comparative study with betamethasone valerate ointment for atopic dermatitis (trunk and limbs). Nishinichinichi Skin. 59: 870-879, 1997.
(10)Smethurst D, Macfarlane S. Atopic eczema. ClinEvid. 2002;8:1664-1682.
(11)Loden M, Andersson AC, Andersson C, et al. Instrumental and dermatologist evaluation of the effect of glycerine and urea on dry skin in atopic dermatitis. Skin Res Technol. 2001;7:209-213.
(12)Loden M, Andersson AC, Anderson C, et al. A double-blind study comparing the effect of glycerin and urea on dry, eczematous skin in atopic patients. ActaDermVenereol. 2002;82:45-47.
(13)Åkerström U, Reitamo S, Langeland T, et al. Comparison of Moisturizing Creams for the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis Relapse : a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Multicentre Clinical Trial.ActaDermVenereol. 2015 Jan 16. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2051. [Epub ahead of print]
(14)Makoto Kawashima, Nobukazu Hayashi, Toshitatsu Nokita, Kyoko Yanagisawa, and Atsuko Mizuno. The usefulness of moisturizers in maintaining remission of atopic dermatitis. Journal of the Japan Dermatological Association. 117: 1139-1145, 2007.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 遺伝的な要因がもとになって、慢性的に湿疹(しっしん)がみられる病気です。かゆみを伴うため、かきむしって症状を悪化させることが少なくありません。気管支喘息(ぜんそく)、アレルギー性鼻炎、アレルギー性結膜炎(けつまくえん)といったほかのアレルギーの病気を合併することもあります。
 アトピー性皮膚炎は年齢によって症状が少し異なります。乳幼児ではあごやほおなど顔面に小さなぶつぶつ(丘疹(きゅうしん))ができます。この丘疹はじくじくすることもあります。頭部に黄白色のフケのようなかさぶた(痂皮(かひ))ができることもあります。多くは乳幼児期で自然に治りますが、一部は幼少児期に移行します。
 幼少児期ではひじや膝(ひざ)の裏、手、足などの皮膚がごわごわした状態(苔癬化(たいせんか))になったり、耳たぶが切れたりします。皮膚は乾燥しているのが特徴です。多くは自然に治りますが、やはり一部は思春期および成人での成人型に移行します。顔、首、前胸部などが赤く、あるいは赤黒くなります。
 アトピー性皮膚炎になりやすい要因は遺伝的なもので、なくすことはできません。症状もよくなったり悪くなったりをくり返すので、成人型の場合、治療の目標は症状を抑えることとなります。

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 病気の原因はくわしくわかっていませんが、遺伝的にアレルギー体質の人が、家の中のホコリやダニ、体の汗やフケ、アカなどの外的な刺激を受けると皮膚に発症すると考えられています。また、皮膚のバリア機能が低く、皮膚が乾燥した状態にあることも引きがねになっています。
 皮膚の一番表面にある角質層には、セラミドという脂質があります。アトピー性皮膚炎の症状に悩む人は、このセラミドが減っていることがわかってきました。一方、食物アレルギーによって症状がでるとの考え方もあります。しかし、食物アレルギーとアトピー性皮膚炎は別物だとする考え方もあり、結論を得ていません。また、心理的なストレスが症状を悪化させているとの指摘があります。

●病気の特徴
 患者数は約40万人です。男女の差はあまりありません。幼少児期が多く、年齢が上がるにつれて患者さんは少なくなります。


よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]ハウスダストやダニを除去する
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究で、その効果は確認されています。ただし、その効果はそれほど大きくないようです。(1)

[治療とケア]皮膚の清潔を保ち、保湿剤を使用する
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 洗顔や入浴によって皮膚を清潔に保つことや皮膚保湿剤の使用によって乾燥を防ぐことは、いくつかの臨床研究によって効果が確認されています。(2)(3)

[治療とケア]入浴時、石けんの使用を制限する(皮膚を乾燥させないタイプに限定する)
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 臨床研究でその効果は確認されていないようですが、専門家の意見や経験から支持されています。

[治療とケア]かゆみを抑えるために目の周りを叩(たた)いてはいけない
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 目の周りを叩くことの危険性については、臨床研究などは見あたりませんが、症状の悪化、網膜剥離(もうまくはくり)や白内障(はくないしょう)を招くので、やはりこの行為はやめたほうがいいでしょう。

[治療とケア]副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ステロイド薬(やく)の外用薬で皮膚炎を抑える
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 副腎皮質ステロイド薬を塗ることで皮膚の炎症が抑えられることが、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。(4)

[治療とケア]皮膚炎鎮静後は保湿剤を使用して皮膚のバリア機能を保つ
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 保湿剤を使うことで症状が軽減し、副腎皮質ステロイド薬の効果が強まることや副腎皮質ステロイド薬を減量できることが、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。(2)~(5)

[治療とケア]副腎皮質ステロイド薬で十分な効果が得られない場合は、外用の免疫抑制薬を用いる
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 外用の免疫抑制薬は比較的安全で効果があることが、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究で確認されています。ただし、副腎皮質ステロイド薬との優劣は比較されておらず、どちらのほうがより高い効果が得られるのかは、いまのところわかっていません。(6)(7)


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

副腎皮質ステロイド薬の外用薬
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 外用ステロイド薬には効果の程度によって弱い(ウイーク)から最強(ストロンゲスト)までのランクがあります。ステロイド外用薬の効果の高さと局所性の副作用のおこりやすさは一般的には平行することから、必要以上に強いステロイド外用薬を選択することなく個々の皮疹の重症度に見合ったランクの薬剤を適切に選択することが重要とされています。(8)
 軟膏、クリーム、ローション、テープ剤などの剤型の選択は、病変の性状、部位などを考慮して選択することになります。
 顔面、頸部(けいぶ)には、高い薬剤吸収率を考慮して、原則としてミディアムクラス以下のステロイド外用薬を使用します。


保湿剤
[薬名]グリセリンカリ液(グリセリンカリ液)(10)(11)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]ウレパール/ケラチナミンコーワ(尿素)(10)~(13)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 尿素はグリセリンカリ液よりも保湿効果は強い反面、皮膚刺激作用がやや強いとの非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究があります。

[薬名]ヒルドイド(ヘパリン類似物質)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 1日2回の外用が炎症の再燃を抑制するという効果について、信頼性の高い臨床研究があります。(14)

外用免疫抑制薬
[薬名]プロトピック(タクロリムス水和物)(6)(7)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] タクロリムス水和物の治療効果については、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。ただし、副腎皮質ステロイド薬との比較では、どちらがより効果的なのかという点は明確になっていませんが、体幹、四肢を対象とした本剤(成人用 0.1パーセント)の有効性はストロングクラスのステロイド外用薬とほぼ同等であるという臨床研究があります。


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
基本の治療は3本柱
 まず、患者さん自身ができるケアとして、原因と考えられるハウスダストやダニの除去があります。これは、できる範囲で行ったほうがよいでしょう。
 基本的な治療としては、保湿剤、副腎皮質ステロイド外用薬、それに抗菌薬による二次感染巣(そう)の治療などがあります。

保湿剤で皮膚のバリア機能を高める
 もともと、アトピー性皮膚炎の患者さんの皮膚は乾燥しているのが特徴であり、それがさまざまな症状の引きがねともなっています。
 できるだけ皮膚のバリア機能を高め、うるおいを保てるように、入浴時には、石けんの使用を制限します。万が一、用いるときでも皮膚を乾燥させないタイプのもの(ニュートロジーナなど)が勧められます。季節や気候、あるいは冷房といった外的な環境の影響などによって、皮膚の乾燥がとくに強いときにはうるおいをもたせるため、保湿剤のウレパール/ケラチナミンコーワ(尿素)あるいはグリセリンカリ液(グリセリンカリ液)などを用います。

副腎皮質ステロイド外用薬は適切な種類を適切な量だけ使う
 副腎皮質ステロイド外用薬の種類は、作用の強弱によって、弱い、中程度、強力、かなり強力、最強の5段階に分かれています。もっとも強力なものは顔には用いないよう注意が必要です。
 副腎皮質ステロイド外用薬を使う場合、不適切な種類のものを用いたり、不適切な量を用いたりすれば、効果がなかったり、あるいは副作用で苦しんだりするということがおこりえます。そうした危険性だけに注目するためか、絶対に用いてはいけないという極端な意見も一部にはありますが、それは誤りです。
 適切な種類の副腎皮質ステロイド外用薬を適切な量だけ用いれば、非常に効果的な薬です。その効果を十分に引きだすためには、皮膚科専門医の指示に従う必要があります。

皮膚感染症がおこった場合は抗菌薬を
 アトピー性皮膚炎では、黄色(おうしょく)ブドウ球菌による皮膚感染症がおこりやすくなります。感染症に対しては早期にペニシリン系あるいはセフェム系の抗菌薬を用いて、進行させずに治療するようにします。

(1)Tollefson MM, Bruckner AL, Section On Dermatology. Atopic dermatitis: skin-directed management. Pediatrics. 2014; 134:e1735.
(2)Langan SM, Williams HC. What causes worsening of eczema? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2006; 155:504.
(3)Langan SM, Bourke JF, Silcocks P, Williams HC. An exploratory prospective observational study of environmental factors exacerbating atopic eczema in children. Br J Dermatol. 2006; 154:979.
(4)Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014; 71:116.
(5)Lucky AW, Leach AD, Laskarzewski P, et al. Use of an emollient as a steroid-sparing agent in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children. PediatrDermatol. 1997;14:321-324.
(6)Ashcroft DM, Dimmock P, Garside R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2005; 330:516.
(7)Rikkers SM, Holland GN, Drayton GE, et al. Topical tacrolimus treatment of atopic eyelid disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003; 135:297.
(8)古江 増隆他.アトピー性皮膚炎診療ガイドライン(日本皮膚科学会ガイドライン).日皮会誌.119(8),1515-1534,2009.
(9)FK506 軟膏研究会.FK506 軟膏第Ⅲ相比較試験-アトピー性皮膚炎(躯幹・四肢)に対する吉草酸べタメタゾン軟膏との群間比較試験-.西日皮膚.59 : 870-879, 1997.
(10)Smethurst D, Macfarlane S. Atopic eczema. ClinEvid. 2002;8:1664-1682.
(11)Loden M, Andersson AC, Andersson C, et al. Instrumental and dermatologist evaluation of the effect of glycerine and urea on dry skin in atopic dermatitis. Skin Res Technol. 2001;7:209-213.
(12)Loden M, Andersson AC, Anderson C, et al. A double-blind study comparing the effect of glycerin and urea on dry, eczematous skin in atopic patients. ActaDermVenereol. 2002;82:45-47.
(13)Åkerström U, Reitamo S, Langeland T, et al. Comparison of Moisturizing Creams for the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis Relapse : a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Multicentre Clinical Trial.ActaDermVenereol. 2015 Jan 16. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2051. [Epub ahead of print]
(14)川島眞,林伸和,乃木田俊辰,柳澤恭子,水野惇子.アトピー性皮膚炎の寛解維持における保湿剤の有用性の検討.日皮会誌.117 : 1139-1145, 2007.

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→Malocclusion Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia Abou...

Wentletrap (English spelling)

A general term for gastropods of the Epitoniidae f...

Memory impairment

...In reality, the disorders often involve a comb...