This refers to the synthetic metabolism carried out by living organisms, in which complex compounds are produced from simpler ones, and also includes reactions carried out outside the body using extracts from living organisms. Enzymes play a key role in biosynthesis, and living organisms use substances they take in from the outside world to form target substances, such as proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, hormones, amino acids, as well as structures such as cytoplasm and ribosomes, through a multi-step enzymatic reaction. In other words, physiologically, biosynthesis has the opposite significance to the catabolic process, in which organisms break down complex substances into simpler ones, and is involved in the synthesis, supply, and storage of necessary components as well as the constituent substances of the body. Generally, biosynthetic processes require energy, and in many cases, they are coupled with energy-supplying reactions and require high-energy phosphate bonds (such as ATP) generated by respiration or fermentation. Furthermore, since biosynthesis is mainly an enzymatic reaction, it exhibits various characteristics of enzymatic reactions, such as high specificity. By utilizing this property, it is possible to selectively synthesize various substances both experimentally and industrially. The elucidation of intermediary metabolism has progressed rapidly through genetic and biochemical methods, such as feeding substances containing radioisotopes and measuring the radioactivity and intramolecular distribution of the products, and using various mutants of microorganisms to observe their nutritional requirements, storage substances, conjugation, and symbiotic phenomena to analyze the biosynthetic process. [Makoto Kageyama] "New Chemistry Library: Chemistry of Biosynthesis" by Otake Nozomu (1986, Dainippon Tosho)" ▽ "Introduction to Biochemistry" by Yamanaka Takeo (1997, Academic Press Center)" ▽ "Science and Engineering of Carbohydrates" by Hatanaka Kenichi et al. (1997, Kodansha)" ▽ "Proteins: Science and Engineering" by Souda Kenji et al. (1999, Kodansha)" ▽ "Introduction to Biochemistry" by Maruyama Kousaku (1999, Shokabo)" ▽ "Compact Biochemistry" edited by Okubo Iwao and Kasa Nobuaki (2001, Nanzando)" ▽ "Basic Molecular Biology 1: Giant Molecules" by Ikai Atsushi (2002, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "Resource Natural Product Chemistry" by Akihisa Toshihiro et al. (2002, Kyoritsu Shuppan) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生体によって行われる合成的物質代謝をさし、簡単な化合物から複雑な化合物がつくられる。なお、生体抽出成分による生体外での反応も、これに含まれる。 生合成の主役は酵素であり、生体は外界から摂取した物質をもとに、多くの段階からなる酵素反応によって目的の物質、たとえばタンパク質、核酸、糖、脂質、ホルモン、アミノ酸などのほか、構造体である細胞質やリボゾームなどを形成する。すなわち、生理的には生物体が複雑な物質からより簡単な物質に分解する異化過程とは逆の意義をもち、生体構成物質のほか、必要成分の合成、補給、貯蔵に関与している。 一般的に生合成過程はエネルギー要求性であり、反応に際してはエネルギー供給反応と共役(連動しあう)し、呼吸や発酵などによって生ずる高エネルギーリン酸結合(ATPなど)を必要とする場合が多い。また生合成は、主として酵素反応であるから特異性に富むなど、酵素反応のもつ諸特性を示す。この性質を利用して実験的にも工業的にも種々の物質の選択的合成が可能である。生合成の過程は、放射性同位体(ラジオ・アイソトープ)を含む物質を与えて生成物の放射能やその分子内分布を測定したり、おもに微生物に対して種々の突然変異体を用い、その栄養要求性、貯蔵物質、接合体、共生現象などを観察して生合成過程を解析する遺伝生化学的方法などにより、中間代謝の解明が急速に進められた。 [景山 眞] 『大岳望著『新化学ライブラリー 生合成の化学』(1986・大日本図書)』▽『山中健生著『生化学入門』(1997・学会出版センター)』▽『畑中研一ほか著『糖質の科学と工学』(1997・講談社)』▽『左右田健次ほか著『タンパク質――科学と工学』(1999・講談社)』▽『丸山工作著『生化学入門』(1999・裳華房)』▽『大久保岩男・賀佐伸省編『コンパクト生化学』(2001・南江堂)』▽『猪飼篤著『基礎分子生物学1 巨大分子』(2002・朝倉書店)』▽『秋久俊博ほか著『資源天然物化学』(2002・共立出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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