《Modern Corporations and Private Property》 - Modern Corporations and Private Property

Japanese: 《近代株式会社と私有財産》 - きんだいかぶしきがいしゃとしゆうざいさん
《Modern Corporations and Private Property》 - Modern Corporations and Private Property

… The first is the separation of ownership and management. Since Adolf A. Berle and Gardiner Coit Means's Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932) revealed through empirical analysis that two-thirds of the 200 largest non-financial companies in the United States at the time were controlled by non-ownership, especially by professional managers, the argument that ownership and management are separated in modern large companies has gradually strengthened. A subsequent survey by RJ Lerner revealed that in 1963, 85% of the 200 largest non-financial companies in the United States were under management control. …

From the Manager

...In addition, while it is inevitable that the business will gradually hand over management and administrative functions to managers and executives as the quantitative expansion and qualitative change of companies progresses rapidly, they are still considered to be salaried executives employed by capitalists or entrepreneurs, and are essentially only agents of capitalists. However, since AA Barley and GC Means' study, "Modern Corporations and Private Property" (1932), the situation in large corporations has already gone far beyond the situation described above. This means that the qualitative advancement of management in modern corporations is bringing about a further decline in capitalists and the rise of professional managers, rather than merely being a formal aspect of shareholding, such as the progress of share dispersion and the rapid decline in the shareholding rate and voice of capitalists.

From "Industrial Organization"

...It is one of the applied fields of microeconomics, and its task is to analyze the causes and results of market monopolies and oligopolies as factors that bring about "market failure" in accordance with real industries, and to consider what policy measures are necessary. In the United States, which leads research on industrial organization today, the first wave of large-scale mergers occurred from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, and the second wave in the 1920s, establishing a large corporate system. In the 1930s, there were new developments in both theory and empirical studies, such as the oligopoly theory of J. Robinson ("The Economics of Imperfect Competition" 1933) and E. Chamberlin ("The Theory of Monopolistic Competition" 1933) in the UK, and the research on the nature and importance of large corporations by AA Burley and GC Means ("Modern Corporations and Private Property" 1932, co-authored by the two). Building on this foundation, in the 1940s, economists at Harvard University, led by Edward S. Mason (1899-), applied the prototype of today's analytical framework for industrial organization, market structure-market behavior-market outcomes, and energetically conducted case studies of individual industries.

[Separation of ownership and management]

…This is why a normal board of directors is called a trustee management. On this point, the study by AA Burley and GC Means (Modern Corporations and Private Property, 1932) is famous (see the section on Business Management). The separation of ownership and management has also been demonstrated in large Japanese companies, and is said to have brought about the following changes in corporate behavior patterns: …

*Some of the terminology referenced in "Modern Corporations and Private Property" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… その第1は,〈所有と経営の分離〉である。バーリAdolf A.BerleとミーンズGardiner Coit Meansの《近代株式会社と私有財産》(1932)が,当時アメリカ最大200の非金融会社の2/3は所有によらない支配,とりわけ専門経営者支配であることを実証分析を通して明らかにして以来,現代の大企業においては,所有と経営は分離しているという主張がしだいに強くなった。その後のR.J.ラーナーの調査は,1963年でアメリカ最大200の非金融会社の85%が経営者支配のもとにあることを明らかにした。…

【経営者】より

…また企業の量的拡大と質的変化が急速に進むなかで,漸次,経営・管理機能を管理者・経営者にゆだねていくことは不可避としても,彼らはあくまでも資本家ないし企業家に雇用されたsalaried executiveであり,基本的には資本家の代理人でしかないとみなされていた。しかしA.A.バーリとG.C.ミーンズの調査《近代株式会社と私有財産》(1932)以来,巨大株式会社においておこっている事態は,すでに上述の事態をはるかに超えていることを示している。そしてそれは,単に株式分散の進行,資本家の株式保有率の急減と発言力の低下といった株式保有面からの形式的側面以上に,現代企業における経営管理の質的高度化がいっそう資本家の後退,専門経営者層の台頭を呼びおこしていることを意味している。…

【産業組織論】より

…ミクロ経済学の応用分野の一つで,〈市場の失敗〉をもたらす要素としての市場の独占・寡占化の原因や結果を現実の産業に即して分析し,どんな政策的措置が必要かを考察することを課題とする。今日の産業組織論の研究をリードしたアメリカでは,19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけて第1波の,1920年代には第2波の大合併運動がおこり大企業体制が確立し,30年代にはイギリスのJ.ロビンソン(《不完全競争の経済学》1933)およびE.チェンバリン(《独占的競争の理論》1933)の寡占理論や,A.A.バーリとG.C.ミーンズらの大企業の性格や重要度の研究(2人の共著《近代株式会社と私有財産》1932)をはじめとする理論・実証の両面における新展開があった。この土壌の上に,40年代にはハーバード大学でメーソンEdward S.Mason(1899‐ )を中心とする経済学者が,市場構造―市場行動―市場成果という今日の産業組織論の分析枠組みの原型を適用して,精力的に個別産業のケース・スタディを進めていった。…

【所有と経営の分離】より

…通常の取締役会が受託経営者と呼ばれるのは,このためである。この点について,A.A.バーリとG.C.ミーンズの研究(《近代株式会社と私有財産》1932)が有名である(〈経営・経営管理〉の項参照)。 日本の大企業においても,所有と経営の分離が実証されており,企業の行動パターンに以下のような変化をもたらしているとされている。…

※「《近代株式会社と私有財産》」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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