Zones with similar climates that surround the Earth in a direction roughly parallel to latitude. If the Earth had no sea, land, or mountains, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface would depend on the latitude. For this reason, the climate should differ depending on the latitude. From this perspective, the simplest classification of climate zones is called mathematical climate zones, with the area inside the Tropic of Cancer being the tropics, the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Polar Circle being the temperate zone, and the area at higher latitudes than the Polar Circle being the polar zone. Since the actual climate is even more complicated, in 1879 Zupan defined the annual average temperature of each region as 20°C or higher as the tropics, 10-20°C as the temperate zone, and below 10°C as the polar zone. In 1923, Köppen also classified the climate zones taking into account temperature conditions, so that they would match the differences in vegetation that allow the climate to be visually grasped. As such, there are various ways to classify climate zones, depending on the criteria used. From the standpoint of modern climatology, which considers climate from its origin, BP Alisov (1891-1972) of the Soviet Union divided the world into equatorial air mass zone, equatorial monsoon zone, tropical air mass zone, subtropical zone, mid-latitude air mass zone, subpolar zone, and polar air mass zone in 1950 based on the seasonal fluctuation of the frontal zone. Hermann Flohn (1912-1997) of Germany also divided the world into seven climate zones in 1950 based on precipitation characteristics and wind zones, and Ernst Heyer (1912-1987) of Germany similarly divided the world into seven climate zones in 1963 based on the seasonal fluctuation of the atmospheric general circulation. Within a climatic zone established in this way, further divisions can be made to clarify the differences in climate within the same climatic zone, such as by dividing it into coastal, inland, or high mountain zones, or by focusing on the annual distribution of precipitation, such as heavy rainfall throughout the year, heavy rainfall in summer, and heavy rainfall in winter. These divisions are called climatic regions. [Minoru Yoshimura] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球上を緯度とほぼ並行して取り巻く類似した気候の地帯。地球上に海陸あるいは山岳がなければ、地表面に到達する太陽エネルギーは緯度によって決まる。このため、気候は緯度によって異なるはずである。この立場から、もっとも単純な気候帯の区分を数理気候帯とよび、南北回帰線の内側を熱帯、回帰線と極圏の間を温帯、極圏より高緯度側を寒帯とする。実際の気候はさらに複雑になるので、ズーパンは1879年に各地の年平均気温から、20℃以上を熱帯、10~20℃を温帯、10℃未満を寒帯とした。またケッペンは1923年に、気候を視覚的に把握できる植生の差に一致するように、温度条件を考慮して区分を行った。このように気候帯の区分は基準の取り方により多様な方法が可能である。気候を成因から考えていく近代気候学の立場からは、ソ連のアリソフB. P. Alisov(1891―1972)が1950年に前線帯の季節変動との関係から、赤道気団地帯、赤道季節風地帯、熱帯気団地帯、亜熱帯地帯、中緯度気団地帯、亜極地帯、極気団地帯に区分した。またドイツのフローンHermann Flohn(1912―1997)は1950年に、降水特性と風系帯から7気候帯に、ドイツのヘイヤーErnst Heyer(1912―1987)は1963年に、大気大循環の季節変動から同様に7気候帯に区分している。 このようにして設定された一つの気候帯のなかでも、たとえば海岸と内陸、高山など、あるいは年間を通じて多雨、夏に多雨、冬に多雨と降水の年間配分に注目するなど、同一気候帯内での気候の差が明らかになるように細分化されたものが気候区である。 [吉村 稔] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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