If global winds (such as the westerlies) are considered primary winds and continental-oceanic winds (such as the monsoons) are considered secondary winds, then winds that are smaller in scale and characterized by the effects of local topography and the special relationships between regional pressure and temperature are called local winds. Local winds are also called regional winds because they can have special regional wind characteristics. Local winds can be broadly divided into two types: strong winds accelerated by topography, and those caused by thermal factors, such as the adjacent locations of heated and cooled areas. Local winds caused by topography include the "downwind" that blows over the mountains to the foothills, and is called foehn, chinook, bora, Santa Ana, etc. depending on the area. "Dashi wind" is also a local wind caused by topography, but this is a strong wind that blows at the mouth of a narrow valley such as a canyon, and is also known by names such as mistral and tehuantepecer. Thermal local winds include the land and sea breeze, which is caused by the horizontal temperature difference between land and sea. Furthermore, local winds caused by the temperature difference up and down a slope include mountain-valley winds, and the wind that blows down the snow and ice surfaces of Antarctica and Greenland is called katabatic wind (downslope wind). Local winds caused by topographical factors will continue to blow day and night unless the weather conditions change, but local winds caused by thermal factors often change daily because heating and cooling alternate between day and night. [Junkichi Nemoto and Takashi Aoki] Local winds in JapanReflecting Japan's complex topography, there are many unique local winds. The most well-known are as follows: (1) Rusha Wind: A wind that blows over the low saddle of the Shiretoko Peninsula in Hokkaido. This wind blows when there is fog, and people in this region say that they can "see the wind" by watching the movement of the fog caused by the wind. (2) Oromappa: A strong easterly wind blowing down from the Hidaka Mountains in Hokkaido. (3) Kiyokawadashi: A strong easterly wind that blows through the valley of the Mogami River in Yamagata Prefecture from the Shinjo side into the Shonai Plain. (4) Yamase (mountain back): A northeasterly wind that blows from the sea along the Sanriku coast, a name derived from yamikaze (dark wind). It was named after the wind that blows in from the pitch-black ocean covered in sea fog, and if it continues to blow, it can cause cold damage. In contrast, the yamase wind on the Japan Sea side of Akita, Yamagata, etc., is a wind that blows out toward the ocean with its back to the mountains. In this case, it was welcomed because it was convenient for shipping rice to Kamigata (the Kinai region). (5) Karakaze: A dry northerly wind that blows through the Kanto region in winter. It often subsides at night. (6) Dashi (Hokuriku region): A strong wind that blows when a low pressure system develops in the Sea of Japan. It can cause large fires. (7) Masuda Wind: A northerly wind that blows along the Masuda River, which flows north and south through the southern part of Takayama in Hida. (8) Hira Hakko: A strong westerly wind that blows down from the Hira mountain range on the west shore of Lake Biwa around the time of the Hira Hakko event in March. (9) Yamaji Wind: A strong southerly wind that blows down from the Hoo Mountains in Ehime Prefecture to the plains along the Seto Inland Sea. (10) Hirotokaze: A strong northerly wind that blows down to the foot of Mount Nagi in Okayama Prefecture. (11) Matsubori Wind: A strong wind caused by the cold air that has accumulated in the crater floor of Mount Aso in Tateno, Minamiaso Village, Kumamoto Prefecture, which is located on the volcanic basin of Mount Aso. [Junkichi Nemoto and Takashi Aoki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
全地球的な規模の風(たとえば偏西風)を一次の風、大陸―海洋的規模の風(たとえば季節風)を二次の風としたとき、これよりもさらに規模が小さく局地的な地形の効果、地域的な気圧や気温の特殊な関係によって特徴づけられた風を局地風という。局地風は、地域的に特殊な風の性質をもつことがあることから地方風ともよばれる。 局地風は大きく分けると、地形によって加速されて強い風が吹く場合と、加熱を受ける場所と冷却される場所とが隣接している熱的な要因による場合とがある。地形による局地風には山を越えて麓(ふもと)に吹き降りる「おろし風」があり、その土地によってフェーンfoehn、シヌックchinook、ボラbora、サンタアナSanta Anaなどとよばれたりする。「だし風」も地形的な影響で吹く局地風だが、これは峡谷のように狭められた谷間の出口に吹く強風で、ミストラルmistralやテワンテペサーtehuantepecerなどの呼び名も知られている。熱的な局地風として海陸の水平方向の温度差が原因の海陸風がある。さらに、斜面の上下方向の温度差による局地風には山谷風などがあり、南極やグリーンランドの雪氷面を吹き降りる風はカタバチック風(斜面下降風)とよばれる。地形的な要因によって吹く局地風は、気象条件が変化しない限り昼夜であっても継続して吹き続ける。しかし、熱的な要因の局地風は、加熱冷却が昼夜で入れ替わるため、日変化する場合が多い。 [根本順吉・青木 孝] 日本の局地風複雑な地形を反映して日本には特殊な局地風が多い。よく知られたものは次のとおりである。 (1)ルシャ風 北海道知床(しれとこ)半島の低い鞍部(あんぶ)を吹き越す風。この風は霧が出ているときに吹き、風による霧の動きをみて、この地方では「風が見える」という。 (2)オロマップ 北海道の日高山脈から吹き降ろす東寄りの強風。 (3)清川だし(きよかわだし) 山形県の最上(もがみ)川の谷を、新庄(しんじょう)側から庄内平野に吹き出していく東寄りの強風。 (4)やませ(山背) 三陸沿岸で吹く海からの北東風で、闇風(やみかぜ)の転化した呼称。海霧に覆われた真っ暗な沖の方から吹き込んでくるところから命名された風で、吹き続けると冷害の原因となる。これに対して、秋田、山形などの日本海側の山背は、山を背にして沖に向かって吹き出していく風である。この場合は、上方(かみがた)(畿内地方)に船で米を積み出すのに好都合なので喜ばれた。 (5)空っ風(からっかぜ) 関東地方を冬に吹き荒れる北寄りの乾風。夜になると収まることが多い。 (6)だし(北陸地方の) 日本海で低気圧の発達するときに吹く強風。大火の原因となることがある。 (7)益田風(ましたかぜ) 飛騨(ひだ)の高山の南部を南北に流れる益田川に沿って吹く北寄りの風。 (8)比良八荒(ひらはっこう) 3月の比良八講という行事のころに琵琶(びわ)湖西岸の比良山系から吹き降りてくる西寄りの強風。 (9)やまじ風 愛媛県の法皇(ほうおう)山脈から瀬戸内海沿岸の平野部に吹き降りてくる南寄りの強風。 (10)広戸風(ひろとかぜ) 岡山県那岐(なぎ)山の麓に吹き降りてくる北寄りの強風。 (11)まつぼり風 阿蘇(あそ)山の火山瀬にあたる熊本県南阿蘇(みなみあそ)村立野(たての)に火口原にたまった冷気が吹き出してくる強風。 [根本順吉・青木 孝] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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