When a liquid with a large dielectric constant acts as a solvent, it is called a polar solvent. Liquids composed of molecules with a large dipole moment are generally polar solvents. Polar solvents dissolve compounds with electrical polarity and ionic compounds well. This is because the polar solvent molecules gather around the ions to solvate them, stabilizing their dissolution in the ionic state. The higher the dielectric constant of a liquid, the greater the effect of stabilizing ions, and therefore the greater the solubility of ionic compounds. Water has an unusually large dielectric constant of about 80 at room temperature, and is a typical polar solvent that dissolves ionic compounds well. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
誘電率の大きい液体が溶媒として働くとき,これを極性溶媒という。双極子モーメントの大きな分子から成る液体は一般に極性溶媒となる。極性溶媒は電気的極性をもつ化合物やイオン化合物をよく溶かす。その理由は,イオンの周囲に極性溶媒の分子が集合して溶媒和することにより,イオン状態としての溶解を安定化させるためである。誘電率の大きい液体ほどイオンを安定化させる効果が大きく,したがってイオン化合物の溶解度を大きくする。水は常温で誘電率が約 80という異常に大きな値を示し,イオン化合物をよく溶かす代表的な極性溶媒。
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