Born: July 23, 1967, Fairport, New York
[Died] February 2, 2014. New York, New York. Actor. Studied acting at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and began working in theater. He gained attention for his performance in the film Scent of a Woman (1992). He also appeared in Paul Thomas Anderson's Magnolia (1999) and Punch Drunk Love (2002). In 2005, he played the role of writer Truman Capote in Capote's skillful and sincere portrayal of the writer until he writes his masterpiece In Cold Blood, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor and many other awards. He continued to receive high praise for his work on Charlie Wilson's War (2007), Doubt (2008), and The Master (2012). He made his directorial debut with Jack Goes Boating (2010). He also worked as a stage actor, appearing in True West (2000), based on a Sam Shepard novel, Long Day's Journey into Night (2003), and Death of a Salesman (2012), written by Arthur Miller. He also worked as a producer and director in the theater world. Hoffman
Hoffman, Dustin Born: August 8, 1937. Los Angeles, California. American actor. He studied music at Santa Monica City College, but dropped out at age 19 to pursue acting. He moved to New York and worked his way up the ranks, changing jobs several times. After a few years, he finally landed minor roles in television dramas and leading roles in off-Broadway productions, and won an Obie Award. His second film, The Graduate (1967) directed by Mike Nichols, saw him play the lead role of a 21-year-old college graduate searching for his future, which made him a star at the time, even though he was 30 years old at the time. In Midnight Cowboy (1969, Academy Award for Best Picture), directed by John Schlesinger, he played a homeless man with tuberculosis, which caused an unexpected stir. After three nominations, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979). In "Rain Man" (1988), he played a middle-aged man with autism and special abilities, for which he again won the Academy Award for Best Actor. His other notable works include "Tootsie" (1982) and "Wag the Dog" (1997). Hoffman
Hoffmann, Jules Born: August 2, 1941, Echternach, Luxembourg. French physiologist. After attending secondary school in Luxembourg, he studied biology and chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, France, where he received his doctorate in biology in 1969. He worked for many years at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), where he served as director of the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology from 1993 to 2005. He was president of the French Academy of Sciences from 2007 to 2008. He was researching the defense mechanisms of insects, which do not have acquired immunity such as lymphocytes or antibodies, and in 1996 he discovered that the gene Toll, which is involved in body building in fruit flies, is also involved in defense mechanisms. This discovery led to the discovery in the following year, 1997, of the gene TLR4, which is homologous to the Toll-like receptor (TLR), and was found to trigger immune activity. In 2011, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Bruce A. Beutler, who elucidated the sensor mechanism for bacteria and other organisms that living organisms are born with and the mechanism of innate immunity, and Ralph M. Steinmann, who discovered dendritic cells, which are key to adaptive immune responses against foreign invaders. (→ Immunity) Hoffman
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Born: January 24, 1776, Königsberg
[Died] June 25, 1822. Berlin German novelist, composer, music critic, painter, and lawyer. He changed his real name from Wilhelm to Amadeus due to his devotion to Mozart. After studying law at the University of Königsberg, he made a living as a judge of the Supreme Court and a musician while also becoming involved in literary activities. His literary fame was immediately boosted by his collection of short stories Phantasiestücke in Callots Manier (4 volumes, 1814-15), which includes his masterpiece Der goldne Topf. From 1816 onwards, he led a double life as a hardworking judge at the Berlin High Court by day and a free-spirited fantasist who spent his nights in taverns. This double life is a defining characteristic of his writing style, and he is seen as a representative of late romanticism as well as a pioneer of realism. His unreasonable lifestyle led to his death at the age of 46. He is a prolific author, having written many novels, including Elixiere des Teufels (15-16) and Lebensansichten des Katers Murr (20-22). Hoffman
Hoffmann, Friedrich Born: February 19, 1660, Halle
Died November 12, 1742, Halle, Germany. A member of the so-called systematic school of medicine active from the late 17th century to the early 18th century, he established an eclectic system of interpretation of life and disease, based on both the ideas of medical physics and medical chemistry, and adding the idealism of G. Leibniz. He argued that life is movement, that blood circulation is the basis of it, and that what moves it is the characteristic of life, "tension." He sought this source of power in ether, which he said enters the brain with breathing, becomes nerve ether, and gives tension to each muscle and fiber. He also invented many new drugs, including what is known as Hoffmann's analgesic. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Jena, studied in France and England, and was a professor at the University of Halle from 1694 until his death. During that time, he served as the personal physician to King Frederick I of Prussia in Berlin for three years. Hoffman
Hoffmann, Stanley Harry Born November 27, 1928 in Vienna. An American political scientist. He received his master's degree from Harvard University in 1952 and his doctorate from the University of Paris in 1953. He became an American citizen in 1960. He later became a member of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University and a professor of political science at the same university. His research fields are wide-ranging, including international politics, international law, political science, French intellectual history, and historical sociology, and he has written many books and papers on American and French politics and diplomacy. He follows in the footsteps of French sociologist R. Aron, and in particular, in his theoretical exploration of international relations, he pointed out early on the "disintegration of stability and power in international politics" and argued for the merger of systematic and scientific research on international relations with the philosophy of international relations. His main works are "The State of War" (1965) and "Primacy or World War" (78). Hoffman
Hoffmann, Josef Born: December 15, 1870 in Pillnitz
Died: May 7, 1956. Vienna Austrian architect. Studied under O. Wagner at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, becoming his most trusted student. Influenced by Wagner's rationalist designs, he did not neglect decoration and was characterized by an elegant and refined style. In 1897, he participated in the founding of the Vienna Secession, and, influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, he established the Wiener Werkstätte in 1903 (closed in 1933). He was actively engaged in architectural work for the next 30 years. His main works include the Purckalsdorf Asylum (03) and the Stoclet House in Brussels (05-11). Hoffman
Hoffmann, Roald Born July 18, 1937. Zloczow is an American chemist born in Poland. In 1949, he moved to the United States with his family and graduated from Columbia University (1949), received his doctorate from Harvard University (1962), and transferred to Cornell University in 1965. In the same year, in collaboration with R.B. Woodward, he proposed the Woodward–Hoffmann rule. In 1981, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Kenichi Fukui, who had made achievements in his own research into the electronic state of chemical reaction processes. Hoffman
Hoffmann, Johann Joseph Born: February 16, 1805.
[Died] January 23, 1878.
A German scholar of Japan. In 1830, he met P. Siebold and worked on Japanese studies as his assistant. After working as a secretary for the Dutch East India Company, he became professor of Japanese studies at Leiden University in 1835. Together with Siebold, he published Nippon (1832-1854), laying the foundations for Japanese studies in Europe. Hoffman
Hoffmann, Theodor Eduard [Born] 1837
[Dead]?
German military doctor. He studied at military medical schools in Breslau and Berlin, and came to Japan in August 1871 (Meiji 4) with L. Muller as a teacher at the Tokyo School. He taught internal medicine. After his term ended in 1874, he was employed by the Imperial Household Ministry and returned to Japan in the fall of 1875. His works include "Japanese Beriberi Theory." Hoffman
Hoffmann, Hermann [Born] 1864
[Died] 1937
A German-born Jesuit priest, he came to Japan to establish a Catholic university. He founded Sophia Gakuin in 1913, and served as the first president until 1937 when it was elevated to the status of Sophia University under the old system. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
