Jiu-tong (English spelling)

Japanese: 九通 - きゅうつう（英語表記）Jiu-tong; Chiu-t`ung

A general term for nine books that describe the political systems of China throughout history. The three books are the Tongdian (Classical Classics) written by Du You of the Tang Dynasty, the Tongzhi (Classical Records) written by Zheng Qiao of the Song Dynasty, and the Wenwen Tongkao (Classical Records) written by Ma Duanlin of the Yuan Dynasty. The three sequels, the Imperial Continued Tongdian (Classical Records), the Imperial Continued Tongzhi (Classical Records) and the Imperial Continued Wenwen Tongkao (Classical Records) compiled by the Qing Dynasty, and the three imperial books, the Imperial Continued Huangchao Tongdian (Classical Records), the Imperial Continued Huangchao Tongzhi (Classical Records) and the Imperial Continued Huangchao Wenwen Tongkao (Classical Records). The nine books were compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1736-96). The ten books are also called the Ten Books, including the Imperial Continued Huangchao Wenwen Tongkao (Classical Records) compiled by the Guangxu period (1875-1908) at the end of the Qing Dynasty.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，歴代の政治制度を記述した9つの書の総称。唐の杜佑撰の『通典』，宋の鄭樵撰の『通志』，元の馬端臨撰の『文献通考』の三通と，清代編纂の『欽定続通典』『欽定続通志』『欽定続文献通考』の続三通ならびに同じく清代編纂の『欽定皇朝通典』『欽定皇朝通志』『欽定皇朝文献通考』の皇朝三通から成る。九通としてまとめられたのは清の乾隆時代 (1736～96) 。なお清末の光緒時代 (1875～1908) 編纂の『欽定皇朝続文献通考』を加えて十通ともいう。

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