A stepped landform consisting of a steep cliff and a flat surface above it, facing a river, lake, or sea. The flat surface is called a terrace surface, and the cliff is called a terrace scarp. Terrace surfaces are part of lowlands such as river plains, lakeside plains, and coastal plains, so their constituent materials (terrace deposits) can tell us about the ancient environment and formation period of the lowlands when they were formed. Depending on where they are distributed, terrace surfaces are called river terraces, lake terraces, or coastal terraces. When the origin of the terrace surface is important, they are called fluvial terraces, lake terraces, or marine terraces. The planar shape of the terrace cliffs of lake and marine terraces, which have terrace cliffs behind the terrace surface due to erosion by waves, is linear. The planar shape of terrace cliffs of river terraces formed by rapid Ishikawa (gravel-bed rivers) is also relatively linear, but terrace cliffs formed by gently sloping Sunagawa (sand-bed rivers) show curved shapes reflecting the meandering of the river. In addition to the above, there are also terraces along rivers that are made of volcanic debris, lava, and other volcanic eruptions, or collapses, landslides, and debris flow deposits that have been left as terrace-like topography. Terraces that are wide and surrounded by cliffs are called plateaus. For lowlands to become terraces, the sea level, lake level, or riverbed must drop relatively. Sea level drop occurs due to glacial sea level change (sea-level change) caused by climate change and land uplift. Riverbed drop occurs downstream as a result of sea level drop, but upstream it occurs due to changes in the amount of sand and gravel supplied and water flow from the upstream mountains caused by climate change, volcanic activity, large-scale mountain collapses, etc. In addition, many of the terraces that have remained for a long time are terraces that are protected from erosion because the base of the terrace cliff is made of strong rock (rock-protected terraces). [Hiroshi Ikeda] "From the Survey of Marine Terraces and Active Faults in the Japanese Archipelago" by Yoko Ohta (1999, Kokon Shoin) "Atlas of Marine Terraces in Japan" edited by Kazuyuki Koike and Hiroshi Machida (2001, University of Tokyo Press) [References] | | | | | | |©Katsuya Nishikawa "> Schematic diagram of terrace structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
川、湖、海などに面して、急崖(きゅうがい)とその上の平坦(へいたん)面からなる階段状の地形。平坦面は段丘面、崖(がけ)は段丘崖とよばれる。段丘面はかつての河成平野、湖岸平野、海岸平野などのような低地の一部なので、その構成物質(段丘堆積(たいせき)物)から、低地が形成された当時の古環境や形成時代を知ることができる。 段丘面はその分布する場所によって、河岸段丘、湖岸段丘、海岸段丘とよばれる。段丘面の成因を重視する場合は、河成段丘、湖成段丘、海成段丘とよぶ。波による侵食によって段丘面背後の段丘崖が生じた湖成段丘や海成段丘の段丘崖の平面形は直線的である。急流の石川(礫床(れきしょう)河川)がつくった河成段丘の段丘崖の平面形も比較的直線的であるが、緩勾配(かんこうばい)の砂川(砂床河川)がつくった段丘崖は、川の蛇行(だこう)を反映して、平面的に湾曲した形状を示す。段丘には以上のもののほかに、火山砕屑物(さいせつぶつ)や溶岩などの火山噴出物あるいは崩壊、地すべり、土石流堆積物などが段丘状の地形として川沿いに残されたものがある。なお、幅広くて周囲が崖になっている段丘は台地とよばれる。 低地が段丘化するためには、海面や湖面や河床が相対的に低下する必要がある。海面の低下は、気候変化による氷河性海水準変動(海面変化)による海面低下と陸地の隆起によって生ずる。河床低下は、下流では海面低下に伴って生ずるが、上流では隆起し続けている山地を流れる川で継続的に生じている下刻(かこく)に加えて、気候変化、火山活動、大規模な山地崩壊などによって上流山地からの砂礫供給量や流水量が変化することによって生ずる。なお、長期間にわたって残っている段丘の多くは、段丘崖の基部が強い岩石からなるために侵食から保護された段丘(岩石保護段丘)であることが多い。 [池田 宏] 『太田陽子著『日本列島の海成段丘と活断層の調査から』(1999・古今書院)』▽『小池一之・町田洋編『日本の海成段丘アトラス』(2001・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |©西川勝也"> 段丘の構造模式図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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