Films made for educational purposes in schools, communities, and companies. They take advantage of one of the characteristics of film, its educational effect, and are used in a broad sense regardless of the format, such as documentary, drama, or animation. They belong to the category of non-theatrical films, or educational and community films. In Japan, cultural films became popular from the end of the Taisho period to the beginning of the Showa period with the spread of 16mm silent projectors. Inspired by the German series of short documentary films based on science films, Kulturfilm, they were produced under the name "cultural films," a translation of the name. With the establishment of the Film Law in 1939 (Showa 14), cultural films came to be used to promote national policies to boost morale, but they also produced masterpieces such as "One Day on the Tidal Flats" (1940). With the end of World War II, they entered a second period of prosperity in line with the educational reforms, and were positioned as a form of audiovisual education. Educational films were also produced in the form of PR films for government agencies, municipalities, companies, etc. The spread of television and video equipment led to a diversification of the characteristics of educational films. Other awards include the Audiovisual Education Award (sponsored by the Japan Audiovisual Education Association), which is given to outstanding educational practices that utilize educational media such as film, video, and broadcasting, the Regional Times Award (sponsored by Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, among others), which explores the development of local culture through television images, and the Mainichi Shimbun Documentary Film Culture Award. [Toriyama Hiroshi] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
学校、社会、企業の教育目的のために製作された映画。映画のもつ特性の一つ、教育的効果を利用するものであり、記録、ドラマ、アニメーションなど形式にかかわらず広義に用いられ、非劇場用映画non-theatrical film、あるいは社会教育映画educational and community filmsに属する。 日本では大正末期から昭和初期にかけて、16ミリ無声映写機の普及とともに盛んになった。科学映画を核としたドイツの短編記録映画シリーズKulturfilmに刺激され、その訳語「文化映画」の名称で製作された。文化映画は、1939年(昭和14)の映画法制定により、戦意高揚の国策推進目的に利用されるようになったが、『或(あ)る日の干潟(ひがた)』(1940)のような傑作もあった。第二次世界大戦終了とともに、教育改革の線に沿って第二の隆盛期を迎え、視聴覚教育の一つとして位置づけられた。また、官庁、市町村、企業などのPR映画の形をとった教育映画の製作も盛んである。テレビジョン、ビデオ機材の普及によって、教育映画の特性は多様化を示すようになった。なお、映画・ビデオ・放送などの教育メディアを活用した優れた教育実践に対して贈られる「視聴覚教育賞」(日本視聴覚教育協会主催)のほか、テレビ映像を通して地域文化の発展を考える「地方の時代賞」(神奈川県川崎市などが主催)、毎日新聞の「記録映画文化賞」などがある。 [鳥山 拡] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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