Optical aberration

Japanese: 光行差 - こうこうさ
Optical aberration

When light comes from a celestial object to a moving observer (moving in a constant direction), the light appears to the observer to be coming from a direction tilted forward from the true direction. This phenomenon, or the deviation of the apparent direction from the true direction, is called aberration (more precisely, sidereal aberration). The magnitude of aberration is greater the faster the observer is moving and the closer the angle of the celestial object to the direction of motion is to 90 degrees. An observer on Earth experiences two motions: the Earth's rotation and revolution. The aberration caused by the former is called diurnal aberration, and that caused by the latter is called annual aberration. The Earth's rotation speed is only a little over one-hundredth of the orbital speed even on the equator, so the diurnal aberration is small, at just over one-hundredth of the annual aberration. Light coming perpendicular to the Earth's revolution direction appears to come from a direction shifted by about 20 arc seconds in the direction of motion due to the annual aberration. This angle is called the aberration constant, and is an important quantity in positional astronomy. By the way, 1 degree is 1/360th of a circle's circumference, 90 degrees (a right angle) is 1/4 of an angle, 1 minute is 1/60th of a degree, and 1 second is 1/60th of a minute.

[Naoaki Owaki]

Planetary Illumination

For celestial bodies such as planets and the Moon, which are closer than stars and move faster from Earth, their apparent direction appears to shift by an amount equal to the sum of the direction of the celestial body's geometric position and the shift due to stellar aberration and light difference. This shift is called planetary aberration. Light difference here refers to the time it takes for light from a celestial body to reach Earth. When the light reaches Earth, the celestial body has already moved by the amount of light difference. Therefore, when viewed from Earth, the celestial body is no longer in that direction. This shift from its true position is called the shift due to light difference.

Aberration was discovered in 1727 by the British scientist Bradley, who discovered the special annual variation in the positions of the fixed stars. The aberration due to the Earth's revolution (annual aberration) is almost constant, at about 20 arc seconds, because the Earth's orbital speed is almost constant (hence the Sun appears about 20 arc seconds west of its true position).

[Naoaki Owaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

運動している(一定方向に動いている)観測者に天体から光がくるとき、観測者には光が真の方向より前進方向に傾いた方向からくるように見える。この現象、または見かけの方向の真の方向からのずれを光行差(詳しくは恒星光行差)という。光行差の大きさは、観測者の運動の速さが大きいほど、また進行方向に対する天体方向の角が90度に近いほど大きい。地球上の観測者は地球自転と公転との2運動をしている。前者による光行差を日周光行差、後者によるものを年周光行差とよぶ。地球の自転速度は、赤道上でも公転速度の100分の1強にすぎないから、日周光行差は年周光行差の約100分の1強と小さい。地球公転方向に垂直にきた光は、年周光行差により約20秒角だけ進行方向にずれた方向からくるように見える。この角を光行差定数といい、位置天文学上重要な量である。ちなみに1度は円周の360分の1の角度で、90度(直角)は4分の1の角度。1分は度の60分の1、1秒は分の60分の1の角度である。

[大脇直明]

惑星光行差

惑星や月など、恒星に比べ近距離で地球から見た運動が速い天体では、その見かけの方向は、天体の幾何学的位置の方向と、恒星光行差と光差によるずれを加えた分だけずれて見える。このずれを惑星光行差という。ここで光差とは、天体から出た光が地球に到達する時間をいう。光が地球に達したときは、天体はすでに光差分だけ動いている。したがって、地球から見たときには、天体はすでにその方向にはないわけである。その真の位置とのずれが光差によるずれといわれるものである。

 光行差は1727年、イギリスのブラッドリーが恒星位置の特別な年周変化から発見したものである。なお、地球公転による光行差(年周光行差)は、地球の公転速度がほぼ一定なので、ほぼ一定で、約20秒角となる(したがって太陽は真の位置より約20秒角だけ西に見えているのである)。

[大脇直明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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