Pastoral - bokka (English spelling)

Japanese: 牧歌 - ぼっか（英語表記）pastoral

As a literary genre, it began when Theocritus, who lived in Alexandria, sang about the countryside and shepherds in his childhood memories, out of longing for his hometown, Sicily. There are three forms of pastoral poetry, but the original is all in Theocritus. (1) Shepherds sing of the joys and sorrows of love, competing with each other to see who can sing the best. (2) Shepherds lament their unrequited love by singing songs of praise to their lovers. (3) Shepherds lament the death of their companions, lament their funerals, and offer solace. The pastoral was established as a genre by Virgil, and at the same time, it came to depict the dreams of city dwellers of a pastoral life, and an ideal golden age in which people lived peacefully by raising livestock, rather than singing about actual shepherds. During the Renaissance, pastoral poetry was also used as a means of satire and allegory. Pastoral drama and prose pastoral romance also emerged during this period. Particularly famous are the Spanish poet J. Montemayor's "Diana" (c. 1559) and the French poet H. D'Urfé's "Astrées" (1607-27). In the 18th century, the pastoral genre declined and was assimilated into meditative poetry that sang of the contentment and peace of rural life.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

文学のジャンルとしては，アレクサンドリアに住んだテオクリトスが故郷シチリア島に対する望郷の念から，少年時代の回想のなかで田園と羊飼いを歌ったのに始る。牧歌には次の3つの形が認められるが，原型はすべてテオクリトスにある。 (1) 羊飼いが恋の喜びや悲しみを歌い，互いに歌の優劣を競い合うもの。 (2) 羊飼いが報われぬ恋の嘆きを恋人の賛美の歌に託するもの。 (3) 羊飼いが仲間の死を悲しみ，葬送の悲嘆，慰めなどを歌うもの。牧歌はウェルギリウスによってジャンルとして確立され，同時に実際の羊飼いを歌うよりも都会人が田園生活にいだく夢，人間が家畜を牧して平和に暮した理想的な黄金時代を描くものとなった。ルネサンス期には牧歌は風刺や寓意の手段としても利用された。また牧歌劇や散文の牧歌的ロマンスもこの時期に生れた。特にスペインの J.モンテマヨルの『ディアナ』 (1559頃) ，フランスの H.デュルフェの『アストレ』 (1607～27) が名高い。 18世紀になると牧歌はジャンルとしては衰え，田園生活の満足と平和を歌う瞑想詩に同化された。

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