Acute toxicity - Acute toxicity

Japanese: 急性毒性 - きゅうせいどくせい
Acute toxicity - Acute toxicity

Acute toxicity refers to the toxic effects that occur when humans or animals are exposed once (single exposure) to various substances or physical factors (ionizing radiation, electromagnetic waves, etc.) Toxic effects that occur after multiple divided exposures within 24 hours can also be included in acute toxicity.

The acute toxicity of each substance or physical factor is expressed as the amount at which half of the experimental animals exposed to it die (the lethal dose), and the smaller this value, the stronger the toxicity (the smaller the amount that causes death). The lethal dose is also called LD 50 (Lethal Dose 50), and depending on the substance, there can be large species differences in this value. For example, when comparing the LD 50 of dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), which is considered to be highly toxic, between common experimental animals, the LD 50 of the most sensitive guinea pig (cave) is 0.6 μg/kg (half of the animals exposed to 0.6 micrograms per kilogram of body weight die), while it is 100-300 μg/kg for rats and 1000-5000 μg/kg for hamsters, with a species difference of up to 8000 times.

[Hiroaki Aoyama]

[Reference] | Dioxin | Toxicity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヒトや動物がさまざまな物質や物理的要因(電離放射線、電磁波など)の曝露(ばくろ)を1回(単回)受けたときに生ずる毒性作用を、急性毒性とよぶ。また、24時間以内に複数回の分割曝露を受けた際に生ずる毒性影響も、急性毒性に含まれることがある。

 おのおのの物質または物理的要因がもつ急性毒性の強さは、これらを単回曝露された実験動物の半数が死亡する量(半致死量)として表され、この値が小さいほど毒性が強い(より少量で個体を死に至らしめる)ことを示す。半致死量はLD50(Lethal Dose 50)ともよばれ、物質によってはこの値に大きな種差がみられる場合もある。たとえば、強い毒性をもつとされるダイオキシン(2,3,7,8-TCDD)のLD50を一般的な実験動物間で比較すると、もっとも感受性の高いモルモット(テンジクネズミ)では0.6μg/kg(体重1キログラム当り0.6マイクログラムの曝露を受けた動物の半数が死亡する)であるのに対し、ラットでは100~300μg/kg、ハムスターでは1000~5000μg/kg程度であり、最大で8000倍ほどの種差がある。

[青山博昭]

[参照項目] | ダイオキシン | 毒性

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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