French philosopher. Born in Bar-sur-Aube in the Champagne region. Worked as a postal worker, then participated in World War I. After turning 40, he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Dijon (1930-1940), and later a professor at the Sorbonne (University of Paris). He holds a unique position in the connection between the history and philosophy of science and literary criticism. For him, these two disparate fields show a complementary tension, and a wide variety of ideas are developed. The former began with "An Essay on Approximate Knowledge" (1928), and expanded to "The New Scientific Spirit" (1934), "Dialectics of Duration" (1935), "The Formation of the Scientific Spirit" (1938), "The Philosophy of Negation" (1940), and "Rational Materialism" (1953). He argues that false rationalization is an obstacle to the development of true rationalism, and that we must overcome fixation and move toward creative knowledge. He denied the myth of linear continuity in the progress of knowledge, and showed the recurrence of history. He also opposed the a priori attitude of simplifying philosophy, and argued for differentiation of problems as opposed to Meielson's identification, and decentralization as opposed to unification. He emphasized the technical nature of science, which holds that reality is the projection (project) of scientific knowledge, and preached a total rationalism as participation (engagement), an "open philosophy." In the latter, literary criticism, he deepened the phenomenological description of dreaming in works such as "Psychoanalysis of Fire" (1938) and "Lautréamont" (1940), through a series of psychoanalyses of the four elements, and in his works up to "The Flame of the Candle" (1961). Dreaming was considered to show the aggressive activity of the mind against matter and life, and to develop the creativity of the imagination through the mediation of physicality. [Sumi Ikenaga May 19, 2015] "The Flame of the Candle," translated by Shibusawa Kosuke (1966, Gendai Shichosha)" ▽ "The Psychoanalysis of Fire," translated by Maeda Kosaku (1969, revised edition, 1999, Serika Shobo)" ▽ "The Philosophy of Negation," translated by Nakamura Yujiro et al. (1974, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "The Formation of the Scientific Spirit," translated by Oikawa Kaoru et al. (1975, Kokubunsha/2012, Heibonsha)" ▽ "The New Scientific Spirit," translated by Sekine Katsuhiko (1976, Chuokoron-Shinsha/Chikuma Gakugei Bunko)" ▽ "Dialectics of Duration," translated by Kakeshita Eiichiro (1976, Kokubunsha)" ▽ "Approximate Epistemology," translated by Toyoda Akira et al. (1982, Kokubunsha)" ▽ "Lautreamont," translated by Hirai Terutoshi (1984, Shichosha)" [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの哲学者。シャンパーニュ地方のバル・シュル・オーブで生まれる。郵便局員、やがて第一次世界大戦に参加、40歳を越えてからディジョン大学哲学教授(1930~1940)を経て、ソルボンヌ大学(パリ大学)教授。 科学史・科学哲学と文芸評論とのつながりに独自の地位を占める。この二つの異質な領域は彼にあっては相補的な緊張を示し、多彩な思想が展開される。前者は『近似的認識試論』(1928)に始まり、『新科学的精神』(1934)、『持続の弁証法』(1935)、『科学的精神の形成』(1938)、『否定の哲学』(1940)、『合理的唯物論』(1953)へと展開。真の合理主義の発展に対して誤った合理化が障害となるため、固定化に打ち勝って創造的な認識へ進むべきことが説かれる。認識の進歩について直線的連続の神話が否定されて、歴史の回帰性が示された。また単純化する哲学のア・プリオリな態度に反対し、メイエルソンの同一化に対して問題の差異化、統一化に対して分散化が主張された。実在とは科学的認識の投企(プロジェ)であるとする科学の技術的性格が強調され、参加(アンガジェ)としての全面的な合理主義、「開かれた哲学」が説かれた。後者、文芸評論については『火の精神分析』(1938)、『ロートレアモン』(1940)より、四元素についての一連の精神分析を経て、『蝋燭(ろうそく)の焔(ほのお)』(1961)に至る著作で、夢想について現象学的記述が深められた。夢想は物質と生命に対する精神による攻撃的な能動性を示し、身体性の媒介によって想像力の創造性を展開するものとされた。 [池長 澄 2015年5月19日] 『渋沢孝輔訳『蝋燭の焔』(1966・現代思潮社)』▽『前田耕作訳『火の精神分析』(1969/改訳版・1999・せりか書房)』▽『中村雄二郎他訳『否定の哲学』(1974・白水社)』▽『及川馥他訳『科学的精神の形成』(1975・国文社/2012・平凡社)』▽『関根克彦訳『新しい科学的精神』(1976・中央公論社/ちくま学芸文庫)』▽『掛下栄一郎訳『持続の弁証法』(1976・国文社)』▽『豊田彰他訳『近似的認識論』(1982・国文社)』▽『平井照敏訳『ロートレアモン』(1984・思潮社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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