Wu-bi (English spelling)

Japanese: 塢壁 - うへき（英語表記）wu-bi; wu-pi

An ancient Chinese settlement for self-defense, surrounded by earthen walls to ward off foreign enemies. It appeared in the Han dynasty (such as Dong Zhuo's Wansaiwu at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty) and became more common during the warring Six Dynasties period. Such settlements often included hundreds or even thousands of households. They usually consisted of a single leader, a fortress lord, and his subordinate fortresses, and the fortress lord of a large fortress might control the fortress lord of a small fortress. Fortresses were usually made up mainly of people from the same hometown or clan, and sometimes also of unrelated exiles. Especially in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, a fortress lord and his subordinate fortresses often made up a village.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

外敵を防ぐための土壁をめぐらした，中国古代の自衛的な集落。漢代に現れ (後漢末の董卓の万歳塢など) ，六朝時代の戦乱期になって多くなった。この集落はしばしば数百家から数千家に及ぶ。通常，1人の指導者塢主とその配下の塢衆から成り，大塢壁の塢主が小塢壁の塢主を支配することもある。塢衆は通常，同郷人または同族人を主体とし，あるいは無関係の流亡人も加えて構成される。特に東晋・南朝では塢主，塢衆が村を構成することが多かった。

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