It is one of the Afroasiatic languages, but is often referred to as Semitic. It is distributed from West Asia to East Africa, and has a wealth of linguistic material that has been recorded by various peoples and civilizations for over 5,000 years. It is roughly divided into three groups: Northeast Semitic (centered in Mesopotamia, including the oldest Semitic language, Akkadian, and divided into two dialects, Assyrian in the north and Babylonian in the south), Northwest Semitic (originating in Syria and Palestine, with representative languages such as Ugaritic, Hebrew, Phoenician, and Aramaic), and South Semitic (originating in the Arabian Peninsula, consisting of Arabic, South Arabic, and Ethiopian). Of these, Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and Ethiopian are still spoken today, and Hebrew and Arabic are used around the world as the languages of Judaism and Islam, respectively. Semitic languages are characterized by the fact that words are formed from roots that are made up of only consonants, which give them basic meaning, and affixes and vowel patterns that give them grammatical meaning. Both the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets are made up of only consonants, but both originate from the Phoenician alphabet. ◇Semitic in English. Source: Kodansha Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages |
アフロアジア語族に属する語派の一つであるが、従来、セム語族と言われることが多い。西アジアから東アフリカにかけて分布し、過去5000年以上にわたる諸民族と文明の歴史を刻んだ豊富な言語資料をもつ。北東セム語派(メソポタミア地方が中心で、最古のセム語であるアッカド語が属し、北のアッシリア語と南のバビロニア語の2方言に分かれる)、北西セム語派(シリアとパレスチナ地方が発祥地で、ウガリト語・ヘブライ語・フェニキア語・アラム語などが代表的な言語)、南セム語派(アラビア半島が発祥地で、アラビア語・南アラビア語・エチオピア諸語からなる)の3グループに大別される。このうち、ヘブライ語、アラム語、アラビア語、エチオピア語が現在でも話され、ヘブライ語とアラビア語はそれぞれユダヤ教とイスラム教の言語として、世界各地で使われている。セム諸語では、単語を、基本的意味を与える子音だけの語根と、文法的意味を与える接辞・母音の型とを組み合わせてつくるのが特徴である。ヘブライ文字もアラビア文字も子音字だけからなるが、いずれもフェニキア文字を起源とする。◇英語でSemitic。
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