Cold Climate Agriculture

Japanese: 寒冷地農業 - かんれいちのうぎょう
Cold Climate Agriculture

Agriculture carried out in cold climates. Agricultural production is greatly restricted by various natural conditions, but especially in cold weather conditions, snowfall, frost, and soil freezing shorten the period of the year in which crops can be grown, and the relatively low summer temperatures and short hours of sunlight restrict how agricultural land can be used and the number of crops that can be grown, giving the area a strong impression of being at the margins of agricultural production. However, around the world, in the cold regions of high latitudes spanning from the northern temperate zone to the subarctic zone, there are vast major producing areas for crops and livestock that are suited to relatively cool conditions, such as wheat, livestock farming, and dairy farming.

In Japan, this refers to areas where the snow-covered period is more than 90 days per year, the average annual temperature is below 10°C, the frost-free period is 130 to 180 days, and second cropping of rice paddies is not possible. This generally covers areas north of 37 degrees north latitude, including Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Hokuriku, but there are other highland areas that are subject to similar restrictive conditions due to their high altitude.

To run a stable business in these regions, it is necessary to have large areas of cultivated land to make up for the low level of agricultural land utilization, and it is also necessary to have mechanization to ensure that work is carried out at the right time within the short farming season. It is also important to constantly be prepared for the risk of cold damage, focusing on suitable cold-tolerant crops. Suitable crops include field crops such as wheat, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beets, and pasture grass, vegetable crops such as kale and Chinese cabbage, and fruit trees such as apples and cherries. In addition, rice, which is originally a warm-climate crop, has become a core crop in cold-climate agriculture through many years of breeding and technological development. Furthermore, in recent years, cultivation techniques and market responses that take advantage of the unique conditions of cold regions have been developed for vegetable farming, field crops, dairy farming, and more.

[Nanae Nagao]

[Reference item] | Highland agriculture

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

寒冷な風土条件の下で行われている農業。農業生産は自然的諸条件によって制約されるところが大きいが、とりわけ寒冷な気象条件下では、積雪、降霜、土壌凍結などによって1年のうちで農作物を生育しうる期間が短く制限されるばかりでなく、夏季の比較的低い気温、日照時間の寡少などによって、農用地の利用方法ならびに栽培しうる作物の数が制約されており、農業生産の限界地というイメージが強い。しかし世界的には、温帯の北部から亜寒帯にまたがる高緯度の寒冷地域に、小麦、牧畜、酪農などの比較的冷涼な条件に適した作物や家畜の広大な主産地が形成されている。

 日本では、根雪期間が年間90日以上、年平均気温10℃以下、無霜期間が130~180日で、水田裏作のできない地域をさし、北海道をはじめとして東北、北陸などの北緯37度以北の地域を概括しているが、このほかにも標高が高いために同じような制約条件下に置かれている高冷地がある。

 これらの地域で安定した経営を行うには、農地利用度の低さをカバーする広い耕地を必要とし、短い農作期間内に適期作業の遂行を確保するための機械化も必要である。また、耐冷性の適作物を中心にして、絶えず冷害の危険に備えることも重要である。適作物としては、畑作ではムギ類、ダイズ、ジャガイモ、テンサイ、牧草などの飼料作物、蔬菜(そさい)ではカンラン、ハクサイ、果樹ではリンゴ、サクランボなどがあげられる。また、本来は暖地作物であるイネも、長年にわたる品種改良や技術開発によって寒冷地農業の基幹作物となった。さらに近年は、寒冷地特有の条件をいかした栽培技術や市場対応が、蔬菜作や畑作、酪農などで展開されている。

[七戸長生]

[参照項目] | 高冷地農業

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