… However, it is difficult to determine what exclusionary behavior is theoretically illegal because competition essentially includes the element of excluding other businesses. In the case precedents of the US Antitrust Act, there are several cases that relate to the philosophy and the very basis of the existence of the Antitrust Act, such as whether a so-called imposed monopoly, in which a company has become a monopolist by continuously providing consumers with better quality and cheaper products than other companies, can be evaluated as illegal. This is ultimately a question of how to harmonize the economic policy objective of maintaining a competitive market structure by excluding monopolistic businesses with legal judgments that focus on the existence of reprehensible behavior. In the US, the Alcoa decision (1945) and other cases introduced the concept of economic criticism, which is different from ethical criticism, and adopted a theoretical structure that states that if a small company does it, it is not a problem, but if a large company does it, there is a reprehensible behavior, and there are cases in which policy judgments have been given priority quite boldly. In Japan, the 1977 revision of the law introduced provisions for measures against monopoly states (Article 8-4), and has attempted to provide a legislative solution to such problems. … *Some of the terms used in the "Alcoa Decision" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… しかし理論的に何が違法とされる排除行為であるかは,競争が本質的に他の事業者の排除という要素を含むものであるため判断が難しく,アメリカのアンチ・トラスト法の判例においては,他の事業者より良質廉価な商品を継続的に消費者に提供することによって結果的に独占者となった,いわゆる押し付けられた独占を違法と評価しうるかという,独占禁止法の哲学,存在意義の根幹にかかわる事件もいくつか存在する。これは,結局,独占的事業者の排除による競争的市場構造の維持という経済政策的目的を,非難すべき行為の存否を中心的な問題とする法的判断とどう調和させるのかという問題であるが,アメリカではアルコア判決(1945)等で,倫理的非難と異なる経済的非難といった概念を導入することによって,小企業がなすのであれば問題とならないが,大企業がなすときには非難しうる行為が存在するとの理論構成をとり,かなり大胆に政策的な判断を優先させた例がある。日本においては,1977年の法改正で独占的状態に対する措置の規定が導入され(8条の4),このような問題に対して立法的な解決を図っている。… ※「アルコア判決」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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