Indirect coercion - indirect coercion

Japanese: 間接強制 - かんせつきょうせい（英語表記）indirekter Zwang

A type of forced performance of civil debts. If the debtor does not perform the debt within a certain period of time, the court orders the debtor to pay a certain amount of money (penalty) that it deems appropriate to ensure the performance of the debt, thereby psychologically forcing the debtor to perform the debt (Civil Execution Law, Article 172). It involves the suppression of the debtor's will and has a strong tendency to interfere with the debtor's personality, so it retains the remnants of personal execution and is an exceptional method of execution. Therefore, the cases in which it is permitted are limited, and it is only permitted for other execution methods such as direct enforcement and non-substitutable action obligations that cannot be executed by substitution (for example, the obligation to liquidate the management of assets) (Civil Code, Article 414). Moreover, even in cases of non-substitutable performance obligations, (1) indirect enforcement would be contrary to public order and morals and would ignore the personality of the obligor (for example, the obligation of a wife to live together), (2) in cases where the cooperation of a third party is required (for example, the obligation of a shareholder to request the reissue of stock certificates that were burned by a company and deliver them to the pledgee), or (3) in cases of creative performance obligations that require special knowledge or skill (for example, having a famous painter paint a painting that satisfies the obligor). In these cases, the obligor has no choice but to seek damages for non-performance.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

民事債務についての強制履行の一種。債務者が債務を履行しない場合，裁判所が一定の期間内に履行しないときは，債務の履行を確保するために相当と認める一定の額の金銭 (制裁金) を支払うよう命じることによって，債務者を心理的に強制し履行させる強制執行の方法 (民事執行法 172) 。債務者の意思の抑圧を伴い，その人格に干渉する性質が強い点で人的執行の名残りをとどめており，執行の例外的方法である。そのため，これを許す場合は限定され，他の執行方法である直接強制，代替執行のできない不代替的作為債務 (たとえば財産管理の清算をなすべき義務) についてだけ認められる (民法 414) 。しかも不代替的作為債務であっても，(1) 間接強制をすることが公序良俗に反し，義務者の人格を無視するような場合 (たとえば妻の同居義務) ，(2) 第三者の協力を必要とする場合 (たとえば会社から焼失した株券の再発行を求め，これを質権者に引渡すべき株主の義務) ，(3) 特殊な学識，技術を要する創作的な作為義務 (たとえば著名な画家に会心の絵を描かせること) については許されない。これらの場合には，債権者としては不履行による損害賠償の請求によって満足するほかはない。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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