…When the principle of clear and present danger applies, which means that there must be a clear and imminent danger of serious harm resulting from the act of expression, or when the theory of clarity applies, which means that legislation restricting freedom of expression is unconstitutional unless it is based on clear standards, freedom of expression is protected by a similar strong guarantee. Next, the theory of the double standard is important, which distinguishes between freedom of speech and publication, such as freedom of economic activity, such as freedom of occupation and business, and requires that courts use different standards when examining the constitutionality of legislation restricting human rights. Freedom of expression is recognized as having a superior status compared to other human rights, and even when restrictions are necessary, they are subject to strict examination, which requires that restrictions be limited to the minimum necessary to prevent harm to the public welfare. In contrast, with regard to freedom of economic activity, it is necessary to approve the government's active measures to restrict individual economic activity in order to maintain and promote economic order or promote welfare policies, and courts must respect the discretion of the legislator unless the measures are clearly unreasonable. … *Some explanations of terms that mention "double standard" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…表現の自由の制限について,その表現行為から重大な害悪が発生する明白で切迫した危険がなければならないという,明白かつ現在の危険clear and present dangerの原則が妥当するとき,あるいは表現の自由を制限する立法は明確な基準によるものでなければ憲法違反だとする明確性の理論が適用されるときも,上に準じた強い保障を受ける。つぎに,言論・出版などの精神活動の自由と職業選択・営業の自由などの経済活動の自由とを区別し,裁判所が人権規制立法の合憲性を審査する際に,審査の基準を分けて考えるべきだという〈二重の基準double standard〉の理論が重要である。表現の自由などには他の人権と異なる優越的な地位が認められ,その制限が必要なときでも,公共の福祉に対する危害の防止に必要な最小限度にとどめなければならないという厳格な基準による審査が加えられるのに反し,経済活動の自由に関しては,経済秩序の維持・増進または福祉政策推進のため,個人の経済活動に対する国の積極的な規制措置を認める必要があり,その措置が明らかに不合理な場合のほかは,裁判所も立法者の裁量を尊重しなければならないのである。… ※「double standard」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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