Kalmar, B.

Japanese: カルマル,B. - かるまる
Kalmar, B.

...The promulgation of the new constitution in 1964 and the general election the following year ushered in an era of a hundred competing schools, creating conditions that would determine the country's future. Babrak Kārmal (1929-96) was elected to the lower house and entered the political arena, student activism at Kabul University and other high schools intensified, labor unions were organized and strikes began to take place, and the newspapers Khalq (People's) by Nūr Muḥammad Taraki (1918?-79) and Parcham (Banner) by Karmal and others were launched, marking the beginning of political activity. These conditions led to the end of the stable rule of Zahir Shah, a member of the Musahiban family of the Pashtun Muhammad Zayi clan, which had been in power for 40 years since his accession to the throne in 1933, and his family's supporters.

From the Invasion of Afghanistan

...The opposition to these measures proclaimed the establishment of an Islamic government in Peshawar, Pakistan on August 18, 1979, and launched guerilla activities throughout Afghanistan. Meanwhile, conflicts within the revolutionary government were intense, and in July 1978 Karmal was dismissed from his position as vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Council and prime minister, and demoted to ambassador to Czechoslovakia, while in August of the same year Qadir was dismissed as defense minister and arrested. In September 1979, Chairman Taraki was assassinated and replaced by Amin. ...

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Kalmar, B." is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…64年の新憲法発布と翌年の総選挙は,百家争鳴の時代を現出し,以後のこの国の運命にかかわる諸条件を作り出した。すなわちバブラク・カルマルBabrak Kārmal(1929‐96)が下院議員に当選して政治の舞台に登場したこと,カーブル大学や諸高等学校の学生運動が高まったこと,労働組合が組織されストライキも行われるようになったこと,ヌール・ムハンマド・タラキーNūr Muḥammad Tarakī(1918?‐79)らの新聞《ハルク(人民)》,カルマルらの《パルチャム(旗)》が発刊され,政治団体としての言論活動が始まったことなどである。これらの条件が,1933年の即位以来,パシュトゥーン族のムハンマドザイ系のムサーヒバーン家出身のザーヒル・シャーと,彼を支える同家一門による,40年間にも及ぶ安定した支配をくつがえすことになった。…

【アフガニスタン侵攻】より

…反政府派はこれらの施策に反対し,79年8月18日にパキスタンのペシャーワルでイスラム政府の樹立を宣言し,アフガニスタン各地でゲリラ活動を展開した。他方,革命政権内部の対立も激しく,78年7月にはカルマルが革命評議会副議長兼首相を解任されてチェコスロバキア駐在大使に左遷され,同年8月にはカディルが国防相を解任されて逮捕された。79年9月にはタラキー議長が殺されて,後任にアミーンが就任した。…

※「カルマル,B.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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