Geyser - Kanketsusen (English spelling) geyser

Japanese: 間欠泉 - かんけつせん(英語表記)geyser
Geyser - Kanketsusen (English spelling) geyser

In a broad sense, a geyser is any hot spring that alternates between gushing and stopping. Strictly speaking, however, it refers to an intermittent boiling spring that periodically gushes out a mixture of boiling water and steam; other types are called intermittent cold springs or intermittent bubbling springs.

There are both natural and drilled geysers, but both have a relatively short lifespan, and famous geysers from the past, such as Atami Oyu Geyser (Shizuoka Prefecture) and Onikobe Megama Geyser (Miyagi Prefecture), no longer exist. Outside of Japan, there are some powerful geysers, such as Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park in the United States, Pohutu Geyser in Rotorua, New Zealand, and Strokkuur Geyser in Haukadalur, southwestern Iceland.

Currently, there are geysers in Japan that have been drilled in places such as Rausu and Shikabe in Hokkaido, Onikobe in Miyagi Prefecture, Kamisuwa in Nagano Prefecture, and Beppu in Oita Prefecture. The way each geyser erupts is different, but they all share the following characteristics: First, as the eruption approaches, the water level gradually rises and many bubbles begin to appear. Next, a small amount of hot water gushes out quietly, and then a large amount of hot water gushes out several times before suddenly erupting explosively. After several intense eruptions of hot water and steam, the force gradually weakens, and when the eruptions stop, the water level drops below the surface. If there is a pond filled with hot spring water above the mouth of the geyser, the water will flow back into the mouth. After one eruption ends in this way, there is usually a period of complete silence until the next eruptions begin. Some geysers continue to gush out a small amount of hot water even during the rest period. The combination of the duration of eruptions and the resting periods is called the geyser's cycle. The cycle can vary from a few minutes to a few hours, but some geysers erupt every few months. It is known that the chemical composition of the water erupting from a geyser also changes with each stage of the eruption.

There are three theories to explain the mechanism of geysers:

(1) Cavity theory: There is a cavity in the way the hot water gushes out, where the hot water is further heated from the surroundings and boils. When the water vapor pressure exceeds the hydrostatic pressure at that depth, it pushes out the hot water in the cavity. When a large amount of water vapor is generated by the eruption, the heat of evaporation lowers the temperature in the cavity, and the water vapor pressure falls below the hydrostatic pressure, causing the eruption to stop. According to this theory, the amount of water that gushes out is determined by the size of the cavity.

(2) Vertical Pipe Theory: There is a nearly vertical outflow pipe, and when the water temperature at a certain depth reaches the boiling point, boiling occurs at that point and ejects the water column above it. If the heat source is at the depth where boiling first occurs and the water temperature at depths above that is considerably lower than the boiling temperature, after ejection the outflow pipe is filled with low-temperature water rising from below, and the pause time is the time it takes for the water to be heated to the boiling temperature. In this theory, the amount of water ejected at one time is the amount of water in the pipe shallower than the heated part, so it is generally small.

(3) Hydrothermal geyser The hot spring's gushing pipe is almost vertical, thin and long, and its lower part reaches the hydrothermal layer. The temperature of the hot water is higher than the boiling temperature at the outlet, but lower than the boiling temperature at the depth of the hydrothermal layer. Before boiling begins, the static head is higher than the outlet, and at first, non-boiling water gushes out quietly, but when the hot water below reaches the outlet, it boils and gushes out violently. However, as a result of the hot water gushing out, the static head gradually decreases, and when the pressure at the water surface becomes greater than the saturation pressure at that temperature, boiling stops and the gusher stops. The static head then gradually recovers, and the time it takes for it to reach the height of the outlet is the quiescent time. In this theory, the temperature of the surrounding strata does not need to be higher than the temperature of the hot water, as in the other two theories.

[Kouzo Yuhara]

[References] | Yellowstone National Park | Onikobe Onsenkyo | Hot springs | Kamisuwa Onsen | Kanabe (town) | Geothermal | Beppu (city) | Drilling | Rausu (town) | Rotorua
Pohutu Geyser
One of the world's largest geysers, erupting over 20m high. Rotorua, New Zealand ©Shogakukan ">

Pohutu Geyser

Strokkuur Geyser
One of the large Geysirs in the southwest of Iceland. It spews hot water every 5 to 10 minutes. It is one of the country's most famous tourist attractions. East of Reykjavik, Iceland ©Shogakukan ">

Strokkuur Geyser


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

湧出(ゆうしゅつ)と停止を交互に繰り返す温泉を広い意味で間欠泉という。しかし厳密には、沸騰温度の熱水と水蒸気の混合物を周期的に噴出する間欠沸騰泉をさし、それ以外のものは間欠冷泉、間欠泡沸泉などという。

 間欠泉には、天然によるものとボーリングによってできたものとがあるが、両者ともに比較的寿命が短く、熱海(あたみ)大湯間欠泉(静岡県)、鬼首雌釜(おにこうべめがま)間欠泉(宮城県)など昔の有名な間欠泉はいまはない。外国には、アメリカ合衆国イエローストーン国立公園のオールド・フェイスフル間欠泉、ニュージーランドのロトルアのポフツ間欠泉、アイスランド南西部ハウカダルールのストロックール間欠泉など、勢いの強いものが現存する。

 日本には現在、北海道の羅臼(らうす)、鹿部(しかべ)、宮城県の鬼首、長野県の上諏訪(かみすわ)、大分県の別府(べっぷ)などにボーリングによるものが存在する。間欠泉の噴出状況は各間欠泉で異なるが、だいたい共通して次のような噴出状況を示す。まず噴出が近づくと水位がしだいに上昇し、気泡がたくさん出るようになる。次に少量の湯が静かに湧出し、さらにかなりの量の湯が数回噴出してから突然爆発的な噴湯がおこる。熱水と水蒸気の激しい噴湯を数回繰り返したのち、しだいに勢いを弱め、噴湯が止まると水位は地表下に下がってしまう。このとき、もし孔口上に温泉水のたまった池があると、その水は孔口内に逆流する。このようにして1回の噴出が終わると、普通は次の噴出開始までまったく静かな休止期間が続く。なかには休止期間中にも少量の湯を湧出し続けるものもある。噴出時間と休止時間をあわせたものが間欠泉の周期である。周期は数分から数時間までいろいろあるが、なかには数か月おきに噴出するものもある。間欠泉では、噴出水の化学成分も、噴出の各段階で変化することが知られている。

 間欠泉の機構の説明として次の三つの説がある。

(1)空洞説 熱水の湧出途中に空洞があり、そこで熱水がさらに周囲から加熱されて沸騰し、水蒸気圧がその深さでの静水圧以上になると、空洞中の熱水を押し出して噴出する。噴出により多量の水蒸気が発生すると、蒸発熱によって空洞中の温度が低下し、水蒸気圧が静水圧以下になって噴出が止まる。この説では、噴出水量は空洞の大きさによって決まる。

(2)垂直管説 鉛直に近い湧出管があり、ある深さの水温が沸騰点に達すると、そこで沸騰がおこり、それより上部の水柱を噴出する。もし熱源が最初に沸騰のおこる深さにあって、それ以深の水温が沸騰温度よりかなり低いときには、噴出後湧出管は、下方から上昇してきた低温の水で満たされて、それが沸騰温度にまで加熱されるに要する時間が休止時間となる。この説では、1回の噴出量は加熱部以浅の管内の水量であるから、一般に少ない。

(3)熱水型間欠泉 温泉の湧出管はほぼ鉛直で細く長く、下部は熱水層に達している。熱水の温度は湧出口における沸騰温度よりは高いが、熱水層の深さでの沸騰温度よりは低い。沸騰開始前は静止水頭は湧出口より高く、初めは沸騰しない湯が静かに湧出するが、下方の温度の高い熱水が湧出口に達すると、沸騰して激しく噴出する。しかし熱水湧出の結果、静止水頭が漸次低下し、水面での圧力がその温度での飽和圧力より大きくなれば沸騰はしなくなり、噴出は停止する。次に静止水頭がしだいに回復し、湧出口の高さに達するまでの時間が休止時間である。この説では、ほかの二つの説のように、熱水の温度よりも周りの地層の温度のほうが高い必要はない。

[湯原浩三]

[参照項目] | イエローストーン国立公園 | 鬼首温泉郷 | 温泉 | 上諏訪温泉 | 鹿部(町) | 地熱 | 別府(市) | ボーリング | 羅臼(町) | ロトルア
ポフツ間欠泉
高さ20m以上に噴き上げる世界有数の間欠泉。ニュージーランド ロトルア©Shogakukan">

ポフツ間欠泉

ストロックール間欠泉
アイスランド島南西部にある大ゲイシル群のなかの一つ。5~10分おきに熱水を噴き上げる。同国の代表的観光名所となっている。アイスランド レイキャビーク東方©Shogakukan">

ストロックール間欠泉


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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