The industry that produces aircraft, spacecraft, and related equipment. It originally developed as an aircraft industry, but in recent years it has come to be collectively called the aerospace industry, including the space industry, which has shown remarkable development. Since the first flight by the American Wright Brothers in 1903, the aircraft industry has made great strides through the First and Second World Wars, primarily in the production of military aircraft. At the end of the Second World War, the number of employees in each country was approximately 2 million each in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, and approximately 1 million in Germany and Japan. The total number of aircraft manufactured during the war was approximately 300,000 in the United States, approximately 120,000 in the United Kingdom, and approximately 100,000 in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan. Japan started out later than other countries, but by the time of the Second World War, it had come close to the global standard in both quantity and quality. However, the recovery of Japan's aircraft industry was delayed, as the country had "apparently" renounced armaments in its "Peace Constitution" after the Second World War. After World War II, the world's aircraft industry saw remarkable growth in size and speed due to the use of jet engines, and space development was also based on the completion of Germany's V2 rocket in 1942, which was succeeded by the US and Soviet missile development after the war, and in October 1957, the Soviet Union marked a breakthrough by launching the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. After that, the US began the Apollo program, and in July 1969, Apollo 11 put humans on the moon for the first time in human history. Global aerospace development was remarkable, and Japan once again found itself lagging far behind in terms of technology and industry. [Yoshiro Miwa] Current state of the worldThe United States accounts for approximately 75% of the world's aerospace industry sales (excluding unknown communist countries), making it by far the largest manufacturer in the world. The combined sales and number of employees of four European countries (England, France, the former West Germany, and Italy) is approximately 30-35% of that of the United States, while Japan's size in 1982 (Showa 57) was approximately 4% of that of the United States, at $2.63 billion (approximately 620 billion yen). America's aerospace industry entered the 1960s, peaking at $26 billion in 1968 thanks to the Apollo program and special demand for the Vietnam War, but then began to decline due to the scaling back of the Apollo program (ending in 1972) and the Vietnam Peace Treaty. After that, the industry's nominal size rose due to inflation caused by the oil crisis, but it did not grow in real terms. After 1978, it recovered thanks to the boom in civilian transport aircraft, and from 1982 onwards, sales of military aircraft increased sharply due to the Reagan administration's arms buildup plan, and with a further sharp increase in space-related defense spending, it reached a massive $75.76 billion (approximately 17.6 trillion yen) in 1983. The enormity of this scale can be seen, for example, when one considers that the factory production value of Japan's total electrical machinery industry (heavy electrical, light electrical, and electronics) in that year was 16.8 trillion yen, total transportation machinery (automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, industrial vehicles, and aircraft, excluding ships) was 16.7 trillion yen, and automobiles alone was 12.2 trillion yen (according to the Ministry of International Trade and Industry's "Production Current Statistics"). Looking at the trends in the proportion of military demand in American aircraft production, military aircraft account for only 20% or a few percent of the number of aircraft produced, but 80% to 50% in value terms, revealing the nation's natural dependence on military demand. Looking at exports and imports, America's exports in 1983 were $16.1 billion (approximately 3.7 trillion yen), accounting for 21% of the export ratio to production value, resulting in a trade surplus of $12.6 billion. France, the UK, and Canada had export surpluses of $3.4 billion, $1.7 billion, and $400 million respectively, while the former West Germany had an import surplus of $900 million and Japan had an import surplus of $1.8 billion. Here again, the US export surplus was by far the largest. Looking at the share of American aerospace exports in total exports, they accounted for 8.2% in 1983. Japan's steel exports in 1983 were $12.8 billion, accounting for 8.7% of Japan's total exports, and automobiles were $26.1 billion, or 17.8%, so this shows just how important the exports of the American aerospace industry are. Looking at the trade balance in particular, while America's overall trade balance was a massive deficit of $60.7 billion in 1983, the aerospace industry's trade balance was a large surplus of $12.6 billion, clearly showing the nature of the American trade balance, with only agricultural products and the defense industry having surpluses. [Yoshiro Miwa] Current situation in JapanJapan's aircraft industry after World War II began in 1952 with the overhaul of aircraft for the US military stationed in Japan. After the Defense Agency (now the Ministry of Defense) was established in 1954, the industry moved to licensed production of aircraft for the Defense Agency. Gradually, the industry moved on to domestic production of aircraft for the Defense Agency and civilian aircraft. The first domestically produced mass-produced aircraft was the T-1 intermediate jet trainer for the Self-Defense Forces in 1960, followed by the civilian YS-11, the latter of which was a world-class transport aircraft at the time, attracting attention with a total of 182 units mass-produced until production was discontinued in 1973. The sales scale of Japan's space industry has grown steadily from 103.2 billion yen in 1979 to 168.6 billion yen in 1982. Of this, flying vehicles, mainly rockets and artificial satellites, account for the majority, followed by ground equipment at about 40% and software at about 10%. Although the scale of about 170 billion yen is not large, Japan exports ground station equipment, which is essential for satellite communications, to all parts of the world, and accounts for a large share. This has blossomed on the back of the accumulation of microwave relay technology for civilian radio, television, telephone, and other devices by companies such as NEC. In other words, flying vehicles have lagged behind due to military budget constraints and much of it is imported, but ground station equipment (mainly ultra-long distance transmission and reception technology) is the result of Japan's accumulation of civilian electronics technology. [Yoshiro Miwa] Problems in the aerospace industryThe aerospace industry requires advanced comprehensive technology under extreme conditions, and unless there is a war, it is a very small-scale, very expensive product. Therefore, development funds are huge, most of which are dependent on military expenditures. For example, the development expenditures in the United States in 1971 were $4.37 billion (1.5 trillion yen), accounting for 27% of the research and development expenditures of the entire manufacturing industry, 80% of which were government-funded. Also, in 1969, there were about 101,000 scientists and engineers in the aerospace industry in the United States, accounting for 26.2% of the scientists and engineers in the entire manufacturing industry. Due to the current dependency on military demand, the only private manufacturer in the American aerospace industry is Boeing. Most European countries have been consolidated into one state-run company, and in recent years, international collaborative development has become commonplace in order to diversify risks and secure markets. In any case, the negative effects of a constitution that relies on military demand are great, as was revealed in 1985 by the U.S. House of Representatives, where sloppy cost calculations showed that plastic toilet lids for military aircraft cost $600 each. As a price for the development of the aerospace industry, America has lost the international competitiveness of civilian industries such as radios, TVs, VTRs, and passenger cars to Japan, resulting in a large trade deficit for industrial products. This can be seen as the result of a constitution that is entirely focused on development, spoiled by military demand, which has led to a dilution of awareness of "production technology" that can reduce costs. [Yoshiro Miwa] "The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Inc., ed., 'The World's Aerospace Industry', Annual Edition" ▽ "The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Inc., ed., 'Japan's Aerospace Industry', Annual Edition" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
航空機、宇宙機およびその関連器材等を生産する工業。本来航空機工業として発達してきたが、近年になって著しい発展をみせてきた宇宙工業をも含めて、航空宇宙工業と総称されるようになった。 航空機工業は、1903年アメリカのライト兄弟が最初の飛行を行って以来、第一次、第二次世界大戦を経て軍用機を中心に飛躍的な発展を遂げた。第二次世界大戦末期の各国の従業員数は、アメリカ、イギリス、ソ連が各約200万人、ドイツ、日本が約100万人、また大戦中の製造機総数は、アメリカ約30万機、イギリス約12万機、ソ連、ドイツ、日本はそれぞれ約10万機に上った。各国に比べ遅れて出発した日本も、第二次世界大戦中は、質・量ともに世界的水準にほぼ近づいていた。しかし、第二次世界大戦後「平和憲法」で「軍備を放棄」した「たてまえ」の日本の航空機工業の復興は遅れた。 第二次世界大戦後の世界の航空機工業は、ジェットエンジンによる大型化、高速化が目覚ましく、また宇宙開発も、1942年のドイツのV2号ロケットの完成を基礎とし、戦後は米ソのミサイル開発に引き継がれ、1957年10月、ソ連が世界最初の人工衛星スプートニク1号を打ち上げて画期をなした。その後アメリカがアポロ計画に取り組み、1969年7月にはアポロ11号により人類史上初めて人間を月面に降り立たせるなど、世界の航空宇宙開発は目覚ましく、日本はふたたび、技術的、産業的に大きく遅れをとるに至ったのである。 [三輪芳郎] 世界の現状世界の航空宇宙工業の売上高のうちで、アメリカは約75%を占め(不明の共産圏諸国を除く)、圧倒的規模である。ヨーロッパ4か国(イギリス、フランス、旧西ドイツ、イタリア)の合計売上高、従業員数はアメリカの30~35%程度であり、日本の規模は1982年(昭和57)で、アメリカの約4%、26.3億ドル(約6200億円)となっている。 アメリカの航空宇宙工業は1960年代に入り、アポロ計画とベトナム特需で1968年に260億ドルのピークに達したが、その後アポロ計画の縮小(1972年終了)、ベトナム和平で減少に転じた。その後、石油危機に伴うインフレで名目規模は上昇したが、実質では増大しなかった。1978年以後は民間輸送機の好況で持ち直し、1982年以降はレーガン政権の軍備増強計画により、軍用機の売上げが急増し、さらに宇宙関係国防費の急増で、1983年には757.6億ドル(約17.6兆円)の巨額に達している。この規模の巨大さは、たとえば、日本の同年の電気機械工業合計(重電、軽電、電子の総合計)の工場生産金額が16.8兆円、輸送機械合計(自動車、オートバイ、自転車、産業車両、航空機の合計で、船舶を除く)が16.7兆円、自動車のみで12.2兆円(通産省「生産動態統計」による)であることをみてもわかろう。 アメリカ航空機生産における軍需比率の推移をみると、生産機数では2割ないし数%にすぎない軍用機が、金額では8割ないし5割を占め、当然のことながら軍需依存体質を明らかにしている。輸出入をみると1983年のアメリカは、輸出が161億ドル(約3.7兆円)で、生産額に対する輸出比率は21%を占め、輸出入差は126億ドルの出超。フランス、イギリス、カナダは、それぞれ34億ドル、17億ドル、4億ドルの出超に対し、旧西ドイツは9億ドル、日本も18億ドルの入超であった。ここでもアメリカの出超は抜群である。 アメリカの航空宇宙工業関係の輸出額が全アメリカ輸出額に占める地位をみると、1983年で8.2%を占める。1983年の日本の鉄鋼輸出は128億ドルで日本の全輸出に占める比率は8.7%、自動車は261億ドルで17.8%であるから、いかにアメリカ航空宇宙工業の輸出の比重が高いかが知れよう。とくに貿易収支でみれば、アメリカの全貿易収支が、1983年に607億ドルの大幅赤字のなかで、航空宇宙工業の貿易収支は126億ドルの大幅黒字であり、農産物と軍事産業のみが黒字という、アメリカ貿易収支の体質を如実に示している。 [三輪芳郎] 日本の現状第二次世界大戦後の日本の航空機工業は、1952年(昭和27)在日米軍機のオーバーホールから出発した。1954年に防衛庁(現防衛省)が設置されてからは、防衛庁機のライセンス生産へと移行した。ついでしだいに国産の防衛庁機や民間機の生産に進んだ。国産最初の量産機は1960年の自衛隊の中間ジェット練習機T-1であり、民間機ではYS-11で、後者は当時としては世界水準の輸送機として、1973年に生産が打ち切られるまで延べ182機の量産を行い、注目された。 日本の宇宙工業の売上げ規模は、1979年の1032億円から1982年には1686億円へと着実に伸びている。そのうち、ロケットおよび人工衛星を主とする飛翔(ひしょう)体が過半を占め、ついで地上設備が約4割、ソフトウェアが約1割となっている。約1700億円という規模は大きくはないが、衛星通信に欠かせない地上局の設備を日本は世界各地に輸出し、大きなシェアを占めている。これは、民需用のラジオ、テレビ、電話などのマイクロ波中継技術での日本電気(NEC)などの技術の蓄積のうえに開花したものである。つまり、飛翔体は軍事費の制約で遅れ、その多くは輸入に依存しているが、地上局設備(超遠距離の送受信技術を主とする)は、日本の民生用エレクトロニクス技術の蓄積の結果である。 [三輪芳郎] 航空宇宙工業の問題点航空宇宙工業は極限状態の高度の総合技術を要する産業であり、しかも戦争がない限り、きわめて少量生産の、そしてきわめて高価な商品である。したがって、開発資金は膨大で、そのほとんどは軍事費に依存している。たとえば、アメリカの1971年の開発費は43.7億ドル(1.5兆円)で、全製造業の研究開発費の27%をも占め、その80%は政府資金である。また1969年のアメリカ航空宇宙工業の科学者・技術者は約10万1000人で、全製造業の科学者・技術者の26.2%を占めるほどである。アメリカ航空宇宙工業主要メーカーの現況は、軍需依存のため、民需主体のメーカーは、私企業としてはほとんどボーイング社1社である。ヨーロッパ各国はほとんど国営1社に統合され、また最近ではリスク分散と市場確保のため、国際協同開発が一般化している。 いずれにしても、1985年のアメリカ下院で、軍用機の便器のプラスチック製の蓋(ふた)が1個600ドルというずさんな原価計算が暴露されたように、軍需依存体質の弊害も大きい。アメリカは、航空宇宙工業の発達の代償として、ラジオ、TV、VTR、乗用車等々の民需用産業の国際競争力を日本に奪われ、工業製品の貿易収支の大幅赤字を招いている。軍需にスポイルされた開発一辺倒の体質が、コストを引き下げるための「生産技術」の意識を希薄にした結果ともいえよう。 [三輪芳郎] 『社団法人日本航空宇宙工業会編・刊『世界の航空宇宙工業』各年度版』▽『社団法人日本航空宇宙工業会編・刊『日本の航空宇宙工業』各年度版』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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